biodiversity (AS & A2)

Question 1

Define multifactorial

Answer 1

Influenced by 2 or more genetic and environmental factors

Question 2

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 2

The name of the process where the movement of H+ ions across a membrane generates ATP

Question 3

Where does the light dependent reaction occur?

Answer 3

In the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts

Question 4

What occurs during the light dependent phase of photosynthesis?

Answer 4

Light energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in PS1 &2. Light energy is used to add phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
Reduced NADP formed
H2O oxidised to O2

Question 5

Where does the light independent reaction occur)

Answer 5

In the stroma of the chloroplasts

Question 6

What happens during the light independent reaction?

Answer 6

ATP and NADPH supply energy and hydrogen to make glucose from CO2

Question 7

Name 3 uses for the light energy absorbed by the photosystems in the light dependent reaction?

Answer 7

• making ATP from ADP (photophosphorylation)
• making NADPH from NADP
• photolysis of water

Question 8

How are ATP, NADPH and O2 produced in non-cyclic phosphorylation?

Answer 8

• light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll
• photolysis of water produces protons electrons and O2
• energy from excited electrons makes ATP and generates reduced NADP

Question 9

Why is cyclic phosphorylation called cyclic?

Answer 9

The electrons from the chlorophyll molecule aren’t passed on to NADP

Question 10

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 10

A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

Question 11

Name a coenzyme used in photosynthesis?

Answer 11

NADP

Question 12

what is meant by the term ‘abundance’?

Answer 12

the number of organisms of one species in a particular area.

Question 13

what is meant by distribution?

Answer 13

where a particular species is within the area you’re investigating

Question 14

how is Q10 calculated?

Answer 14

rate at higher temperature/rate at lower temperature

Question 15

when is it appropriate to use a line transect?

Answer 15

when you are measuring change of abundance in one population

Question 16

when is it appropriate to use random sampling?

Answer 16

when you are measuring change in abundance for two different populations

Question 17

explain how GP is converted into GALP in the Calvin cycle

Answer 17

• hydrolysis of ATP provides energy to turn the 3C GP into 3C GALP
• this reaction also requires H+ ions from reduced NADP

Question 18

how is CO2 converted into GP in the calvin cycle?

Answer 18

• CO2 combines with RuBP, catalysed by RUBISCO

- unstable 6C compound breaks down into 3C GP

Question 19

where does the calvin cycle take place?

Answer 19

in the stroma

Question 20

what is the role of NADP in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis?

Answer 20

electron acceptor; accepts electrons and a proton released from split water molecules, it is reduced

Question 21

during the experiment to investigate the hill reaction, why is sucrose added to the isolation solution?

Answer 21

to prevent water being drawn from the chloroplasts during osmosis

Question 22

What is GPP?

Answer 22

The available energy which is taken in by an organism

Question 23

What is NPP?

Answer 23

The amount of energy which is available to the next trophic level

Question 24

How is primary productivity calculated?

Answer 24

NPP = GPP - plant respiration

Question 25

What is meant by the term respiratory loss?

Answer 25

Energy lost to the environment from respiration for movement or body heat

Question 26

what is meant by the term 'producer'?

Answer 26

an organism that takes in energy from the sun and converts it into a form that can be used by other organisms

Question 27

why do chloroplasts have a double membrane?

Answer 27

keeps the reactants for photosynthesis close to their reaction site

Question 28

in which way are the thylakoids specialised to their function?

Answer 28

large surface area allow as much light energy to be absorbed as possible

Question 29

what do pioneer species do?

Answer 29

change the abiotic conditions by dying and microorganisms decomposing the dead matter creates basic soil

Question 30

describe the structure of cellulose

Answer 30

long, unbranched chains of beta glucose, joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds cellulose chains linked by hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils, arranged in net like arrangement

Question 31

what kind of substances are transported in the xylem?

Answer 31

water and inorganic ions

Question 32

what is an ecosystem?

Answer 32

all the organisms living in an area and all the abiotic factors

Question 33

what is meant by population?

Answer 33

the number of individuals of one species in a particular area

Question 34

what is a diversity index and what needs to be measured to calculate one?

Answer 34

D= N(N-1)/n(n-1) | population, total population of all species

Question 35

what is biodiversity?

Answer 35

the variety of organisms living in an area, including species diversity and genetic diversity

Question 36

How do you calculate a heterozygosity index?

Answer 36

H= number of heterozygotes/number of individuals in the population

Question 37

what are the assumptions you make when using the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

Answer 37

- large population - no immigration, mutations or natural selection - random mating

Question 38

what are the Hardy-weinberg equations?

Answer 38

p + q = 1 where p=freq dominant q= freq recessive | p^2 +2pq +q^2 =1

Question 39

what is a community?

Answer 39

all the organisms of different species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other

Question 40

what are the features of an ecosystem?

Answer 40

source of energy, producer, decomposer, nutrients (fertiliser), consumer

Question 41

describe the structure of a chloroplast

Answer 41

small, flattened structure, surrounded by a double membrane, contains thylakoid membranes stacked to form grana grana are linked by lamellae

Question 42

describe the function of the middle lamella

Answer 42

layer that acts as an adhesive, sticking plant cells together, giving the plant stability

Question 43

describe 3 differences between xylem vessels and phloem vessels

Answer 43

- xylem used for support whereas phloem isnt - phloem made from living cells, xylem dead - phloem tubes have end walls, xylem doesnt

Question 44

describe 2 differences between sclerenchyma fibres and xylem vessels

Answer 44

- sclerenchyma have end walls | - sclerenchyma dont have pits

Question 45

what is starch?

Answer 45

``` mixture of amylose (long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose, coiled) and amylopectin (long, branched, branches allow hydrolysis) ```

Question 46

what does sustainability mean?

Answer 46

using renewable resources in a way which makes them available to future generations