BIODIVERSITY IN THE WORLD

Question 1

The goal of the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD):

Answer 1

• to promote the conservation of
  biological diversity
• to sustainably use biodiversity
  components
• fair and equitable sharing of benefits
  arising from the utilization of genetic
  resources
• to protect and manage the world’s
  biodiversity effectively

Question 2

3 levels of biodiversity:

Answer 2

• genetic
• species
• ecosystem

Question 3

It’s the intraspecific diversity and is often measured in terms of total
DNA content, genome size in terms of base pair numbers, number of
genes and by some on the chromosome number, size and
morphology

Answer 3

genetic diversity

Question 4

The magnitude of ___ of a species increases with
increase in size and environmental parameters of the habitat

Answer 4

variation in genes

Question 5

Populations with ___ survive and can cope
with environmental changes

Answer 5

higher genetic
diversity

Question 6

Populations with ___
are vulnerable to
environmental changes and
diseases

Answer 6

low genetic
diversity

Question 7

When the genes within the same species show different versions due
to new combinations, it is called ___.

Answer 7

genetic variability

Question 8

Genetic diversity studies have been done not only on wild taxa but also
on taxa that are ___ by humans.

Answer 8

domesticated/cultivated

Question 9

___ are the biological basis of food security and,
directly or indirectly, support the livelihoods of every person on Earth.

Answer 9

Plant genetic resources

Question 10

ITPGRFA stands for

Answer 10

International Treaty on Plant genetic
resources for food and agriculture

Question 11

The ___ are for the conservation and sustainable use
of all plant genetic resources for food and
agriculture.

Answer 11

International Treaty on Plant genetic
resources for food and agriculture (ITPGRFA)

Question 12

Food and agriculture production are dependent on ___ domesticated elsewhere and subsequently developed
in other countries and regions.

Answer 12

genetic resources

Question 13

Continued access to ___ and a fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising from their use are
therefore essential for food security

Answer 13

plant genetic resources

Question 14

How many gene banks worldwide are
registered in the WIEWS (World
Information and Early Warning
System on PGR) database.

Answer 14

1,308

Question 15

a total of ___
accessions, including major crops,
minor or neglected crop species, as
well as trees and wild plants are conserved.

Answer 15

6.1 million

Question 16

This is the variability found within the population of a species or
between different species of a community.

Answer 16

species diversity

Question 17

species diversity represents broadly the ___ and their ___ in a
community.

Answer 17

species richness, abundance

Question 18

The species richness depends largely
on ___.

Answer 18

climatic conditions.

Question 19

count of the number of species occurring within
the community, and is typically denoted by the symbol S.

Answer 19

species richness

Question 20

refers to the equitability in the distribution of
individuals among the species.

Answer 20

species evenness

Question 21

The product species richness and species evenness give ___ of a region.

Answer 21

species diversity

Question 22

The biological structure of a community is defined by its ___

Answer 22

species composition

Question 23

is expressed as the proportion each species
contributes to the number of individuals of all species within the
community

Answer 23

Relative abundance

Question 24

generates new species

Answer 24

speciation

Question 25

reduces species richness

Answer 25

extinction

Question 26

This is the diversity of ecological complexity showing variations of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere.

Answer 26

ecosystem diversity

Question 27

ecosystem diversity is also referred as ___ because it includes placement and size of various ecosystems

Answer 27

landscape diversity

Question 28

ecological habitats:

Answer 28

- forest ecosystem - grassland ecosystem - wetland ecosystem - coastal and marine ecosystem - desert ecosystem

Question 29

a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals and microorganisms (biotic components) in that area functioning together with all the nonliving physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.

Answer 29

forest ecosystem

Question 30

types of forests:

Answer 30

1 Temperate needle leaf 2 Temperate broad leaf and mixed 3 Tropical moist 4 Tropical dry 5 Sparse trees and Parkland 6 Forest plantations

Question 31

It mostly occupy the higher latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as high altitude zones and some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavorable soils.

Answer 31

Temperate Needleleaf Forest

Question 32

They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere.

Answer 32

Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest

Question 33

It is a hot, humid forest with high rainfall and constant high temperatures.

Answer 33

Tropical Moist Forest

Question 34

This forest type is a characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. Under some conditions, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests are “sclerophyllous”.

Answer 34

Tropical Dry Forest

Question 35

They are forests with open canopies of 10–30 % crown cover. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested to non-forested landscapes.

Answer 35

Sparse Trees and Parkland

Question 36

They are generally intended for the production of timber and pulpwood, increase the total area of forest worldwide. Commonly monospecific and/or composed of introduced tree species, which are not generally important as habitat for native biodiversity.

Answer 36

Forest Plantations

Question 37

This ecosystem is vegetation type with predominance of grass and grass-like species. It also known at steppes, prairies, pampas and savannas in various parts of the world.

Answer 37

grassland

Question 38

It is a biome with a tropical wet and dry climate, characterized by grasses and scattered trees and shrubs. Rainfall of 50–130 cm a year is concentrated in 6–8 months with drought the rest of the year.

Answer 38

Tropical Savannah

Question 39

In many areas, the grasslands have been ___ to maintain a healthy grass crop for grazing animals.

Answer 39

burned

Question 40

have less rainfall (25– 90 cm) than tropical grasslands and a much greater range of temperatures from winter to summer than savannah.

Answer 40

Temperate Grasslands

Question 41

These areas have deep, rich soils and are dominated by tall grasses; trees and shrubs are restricted to river valleys, wetlands and other areas with more moisture.

Answer 41

Prairie Grasslands

Question 42

receive only 2550 cm of rainfall each year and the grasses are much shorter than those on prairie grasslands. They are also not as widespread, occurring only in Central and Eastern Europe, Northern Eurasia and Western North America.

Answer 42

Steppe Grasslands

Question 43

They are transitional zones that occupy intermediate position between dryland and open water. Encompass diverse and heterogenous habitats ranging from rivers, flood plains and rainfed lakes to swamps, estuaries and salt marshes.

Answer 43

Wetland Ecosystem

Question 44

They are subjected to the stresses such as agricultural run-offs, pesticides and construction of dams and barrages.

Answer 44

wetland ecosystem

Question 45

Major Wetlands Regions of the World:

Answer 45

- Orinoco River Delta of Venezuela - Amazon river - Nile delta - Mekong

Question 46

Some Wetlands in the Philippines

Answer 46

- Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary - Candaba Marshland

Question 47

This ecosystem refers to marine region extending from the ‘upper tidal limits out across the continental shelf, slope and rise. It includes rocky shores, sandy beaches, kelp forests, subtidal benthos and the water column over the shelf, slope and rise.

Answer 47

Coastal and Marine Ecosystem

Question 48

These ecosystems are largely characterized by assemblage of unrelated tree genera that share the common ability to grow in saline tidal zones.

Answer 48

mangroves

Question 49

These are arid regions, generally receiving less than 10 in. of precipitation a year, or regions where the potential evaporation rate is twice as great as the precipitation.

Answer 49

Desert Ecosystem

Question 50

___ deserts are the hottest, with parched terrain and rapid evaporation.

Answer 50

Subtropical

Question 51

The ___ desert have a much cooler average temperature because of frigid offshore ocean currents.

Answer 51

coastal

Question 52

___ deserts are marked by stark temperature differences from season to season, ranging from 100 °F (38 °C) in the summer to 10 °F (−12 °C) in the winter.

Answer 52

Cold winter