Biodivesity Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
What was Linnaeus responsible for?
A
Developed first classification system to group organisms based on structure and characteristics
2
Q
Why do scientists classify organisms?
A
- easier to identify organisms
- predicts characteristics
- helps identify evolutionary links
3
Q
How do we name organisms?
A
Binomial naming system
4
Q
What are the rules of the binomial naming system?
A
- capitalised genus name
lower case species name - italicised
5
Q
What is a species?
A
A group of similar organisms that can successfully breed and produced fertile offspring
6
Q
What is phylogeny?
A
The study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms
7
Q
What is taxonomy?
A
The science of biological classification
8
Q
What is phylogenetic classification and what is it based on?
A
- classifies species into groups based on shared characteristics from ancestors
- based on evolutionary relationships
- arranges them into a hierarchy
9
Q
How are organisms classified in phylogenetic classification?
A
Into taxa
10
Q
What is the largest group of the phylogenetic hierarchy and what are the options?
A
Domain (eukarya, bacteria and archaea)
11
Q
What is the order of the phylogenetic hierarchy?
A
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- over
- family
- genus
- species
12
Q
What is the saying to remember the order of the phylogenetic hierarchy?
A
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
13
Q
What is a hierarchy?
A
- smaller groups within larger groups
- with no overlap
14
Q
What is domain archaea?
A
A group of single called prokaryotes that were originally classed as bacteria?
15
Q
What is domain eukarya?
A
All kingdoms of organism made up of eukaryotic cells (protista, fungi, animalia and plantae)
16
Q
What is domain bacteria?
A
A group of single called prokaryotes
17
Q
What is the structure of domain bacteria?
A
- no membrane bound organelles
- unicellular
- smaller ribosomes
18
Q
What is the structure of domain archaea?
A
- genes and protein synthesis similar to eukaryotes
- no meringue in cell walls
- have a more complex form of RNA polymerase than bacteria
19
Q
What is the structure of domain eukarya?
A
- membrane bound organelles
- don’t all possess cell wall
- if they do have a cell walls it is made of chitin/cellulose
- larger ribosomes
20
Q
What are the 2 pats of the binomial naming system?
A
Genus and species names
21
Q
How do species distinguish between themselves and others?
A
- physical characteristics
- biochemical characteristics
- behaviour
22
Q
Why is courtship behaviour necessary?
A
- ensure DNA passed to next generation
- females only produce eggs at specific times a year so courtship behaviour is essential for successful mating
23
Q
Why is courtship behaviour used by males?
A
- determine if a female is at a receptive stage
- if appropriate response is given by female they mate
- if she isn’t receptive she will exhibit a different pattern on behaviour and courtship stops
24
Q
How does courtship behaviour lead to successful breeding and survival?
A
- recognise members of own species to produce fertile offspring
- identify a mate that is able to breed as both partners need to be sexually mature
- form a pair bond to be more successful raising the offspring
- synchronised mating fir the max possibility of sperm and egg meeting
- become able to breed as it beings a member of opposite sex into physiological state that allows breeding
25
What are examples of simple courtship behaviour?
- releasing chemicals
- sounds
- visual displays
26
What are some examples of complex courtship behaviour?
- dancing
- building
27
What is a stimulus response chain?
A series of communications between individuals that are specific to their species
28
How does the length of the stimulus response chain affect mating?
The longer the chain the more likely mating with occur
29
What are the different things that could be compared to establish how closely related they are?
- external features
- internal features
- molecules within the body
30
What determines all those features?
DNA
31
What are the limitations of using observable characteristics to establish how closely organisms are related?
- many characteristics are polygenic so are difficult to distinguish from one another
- there is also variation due to their environment
32
What is the best way to tell how closely organisms are related?
Directly observing DNA sequences
33
How can DNA comparison be used to determine how closely organisms are related?
The fewer base changes the closer the species in evolutionary terms
34
How can base sequence of mRNA be used to determine how closely organisms are related?
Base sequence is complimentary to DNA so the more similar the sequences the closer related they are
35
How can comparing amino acid sequences be used to determine how closely related organisms are?
- sequence of amino acids is determined by DNA
- the more similar the amino acid sequences the more closely related they
36
How can you use antibodies to determine how closely related organisms are?
- proteins from one organism is injected into another
- collect the antibodies produced
- used to compare the original protein with a protein from another organism
37
What is interspecific variation?
When one species differs from another
38
What is intraspecific variation?
Variation within the same species
39
What are the causes of variation?
- genetic differences
- environmental differences
40
How do genetic differences cause variation?
Different genes that each individual possesses that arises in living individuals and in DNA replication
41
How do environmental differences cause variation?
The environment exerts an influence on all organisms and vary the way genes are expressed
42
What is random sampling?
- taking measurements of individuals selected from target population
- measurements should be representative of
43
What is sampling bias?
Selection process maybe biased so the sample may be unrepresentative
44
What is chance in random sampling?
Even if sampling bias is avoided the individuals chosen by chance may not be representative
45
How do you prevent sampling bias?
Use random sampling
46
What methods can be used to prevent sampling bias?
- creating a grid and getting computer generated coordinates
- belt/line transect
- use a larger sample as there is a smaller probability of chance influencing results
- analysis of data collected by statistical tests
47
What is running mean?
- working out the mean of all the data sampled each time you collect a new sample
- once the mean stops fluctuating you have enough data to
48
What are the ways you can carry out statistical analysis?
- normal distribution curve
- mean, mode, median
- standard deviation
49
What is biodiversity?
Variety of organisms on our planet
50
What is species diversity?
Refers to the number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within one community
51
What is genetic diversity?
Refers to the variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of a species
52
What is ecosystem diversity?
Refers to the range of different habitats from a small local habitat to the whole earth
53
What is species richness?
- number of species in a given area
- the proportion of the community that is made up of an individual species
54
What data is needed to calculate the index of diversity?
- how many species
- how many organisms of each species
- total number of organisms in the ecosystem
55
How could data be collected for index of diversity?
Use of quadrats
56
What affects the accuracy of the index calculated?
- sample size
- size of plant measured
57
What are the effects of agriculture?
- area dominated by 1 species with desired characteristics so low species and genetic variety
- any other organisms are pests so treated with pesticides and herbicides
- hedgerows removed to make fields larger and more productive
58
How does farming reduces species diversity?
- improved genetic varieties of plants/animal species
- greater use of chemical fertiliser/pesticides
- greater use of biotechnology
- changes in farming practice (larger farms, conversion of land into farm land)
- removing hedgerows and woodlands
- creating monocultures
- draining marshland to make it farmable
- overgrazing
- absence of crop rotation
59
What is the aim of conservation techniques?
Counter act effects of farming
60
How does maintain existing hedgerows in an A shape improve diversity?
The A shape provides increased number of habitats leading to greater species diversity
61
How does planting hedges rather than putting up fences between fields improve diversity?
Provides greater range of habitats leading to improved species diversity
62
How does retaining existing ponds and creating new ones improve diversity?
Provides another type of habitat and possible breeding site
63
How does reducing the use of pesticides improve diversity?
Doesn’t kill organisms
64
How does using organic fertiliser improve diversity?
Less harmful chemicals
65
How does crop rotation including nitrogen fixing crops improve diversity?
Legumes can be planted in rotation to add nitrates to soil naturally
66
How does creating natural meadows for animal feed improve diversity?
Greater variety of plants
67
How does only cutting verges and hedges once plants have flowered improve diversity?
Allows seeds
