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Biomaterials > BIOE Final > Flashcards

BIOE Final Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Define Biomaterials

A

Substances that are engineered to interact with biological systems for medical, dental, or tissue engineering

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2
Q

Importance of Biomaterials

A

Crucial roles in medical implants, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and diagnostic tools, among others

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3
Q

Interdisciplinary Nature

A

Biomaterials research involves collaboration between materials science, biology, medicine, engineering, and other fields

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4
Q

Biomaterials Milestones

A

Examples include the use of gold in dental restorations by ancient civilizations, the development of prosthetic limbs during World War II, and the discovery of biocompatible polymers like silicone and polyethylene

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5
Q

Key Contributors to Biomaterials

A

Scientists such as Robert Langer, Cato T. Laurencin, and Robert S. Langer have made significant contributions to biomaterials research

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6
Q

Bulk Properties

A

Bulk properties refer to characteristics of the entire material

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7
Q

Surface Properties

A

Surface properties pertain to features specific to the material’s outer layer.

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8
Q

Importance of Surface Properties

A

Surface properties influence biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and interactions with biological environments.

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9
Q

Calculation of surface vs. bulk atoms

A

Surface area can be calculated using geometric formulas, while bulk properties are determined by the material’s volume and density.

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10
Q

Define Cohesion

A

Cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance

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11
Q

Define Adhesion

A

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances.

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12
Q

Define Surface Tension

A

The force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract.

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13
Q

Define Contact Angle

A

The angle formed between a liquid droplet and a solid surface.

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14
Q

Define Wettability

A

The ability of a surface to be wetted by a liquid

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15
Q

Work of Adhesion and Cohesion

A

Measures the energy required to separate two phases

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16
Q

Surface Analysis: ESCA/XPS

A

Analyzes the chemical composition of surfaces by measuring emitted electrons

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17
Q

Surface Analysis: SEM

A

Produces high-resolution images of surfaces using electron beams.

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18
Q

Surface Analysis: AFM

A

Maps surface topography by scanning a sharp tip over the sample.

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19
Q

Surface Modification Techniques

A

Silanization, self-assembled monolayers, and layer-by-layer assembly

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20
Q

Cell-Matrix Concepts

A

Understanding the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion mechanisms helps design biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

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21
Q

RFGD Plasma Treatment

A

Alters surface chemistry and improves wettability of polymers.

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22
Q

Lower Critical Solution Temperature

A

NIPAM exhibits a lower critical solution temperature, causing it to undergo a phase transition in response to temperature changes

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23
Q

Surface Grafting

A

Attaching NIPAM to surfaces alters their temperature responsiveness.

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24
Q

Application of Temperature Responsiveness

A

Temperature-responsive surfaces find use in cell culture and drug delivery systems

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25
Protein Adsorption: Hydrophobic Interactions
Nonpolar regions of proteins associate in aqueous solutions due to the entropy-driven release of water molecules.
26
Protein Adsorption: Protein Structure and Folding
Determines the conformation and stability of adsorbed proteins.
27
Protein Adsorption: Vroman Effect
Dynamic process where proteins compete for surface binding sites
28
Protein Adsorption: Modeling
Langmuir model describes reversible adsorption, while Scatchard plot quantifies binding affinity
29
Hemostasis
The physiological process of stopping bleeding to maintain vascular integrity
30
Cell-protein interactions
Mechanisms by which cells and proteins collaborate to achieve hemostasis.
31
Platelets
Platelets bind to damaged endothelium. Structure, function, and granule contents.
32
Proenzymes
Inactive precursor forms of enzymes, important for controlled enzymatic reactions
33
Proteases
Enzymes that cleave proteins, crucial for the coagulation cascade
34
Activation mechanisms
Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, triggered by tissue injury or blood contact with foreign surfaces.
35
Contributing Factors to the Coagulation Cascade
Calcium ions and platelet cell-surface interactions
36
Common pathway
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, leading to fibrinogen conversion to fibrin and formation of a stable clot
37
Control of coagulation
Regulatory mechanisms to prevent excessive clot formation
38
Plasmin and plasminogen
Enzyme and its precursor involved in breaking down fibrin clots
39
Activators
Agents that convert plasminogen to plasmin, initiating fibrinolysis
40
Non-Fouling Surfaces: Relevance and applications
Importance of preventing protein adsorption and biofouling in medical devices
41
Properties favoring non-fouling behavior
Hydrophilicity, surface charge, and resistance to protein binding.
42
PEGylation
Coating surfaces with polyethylene glycol to create non-fouling properties
43
Zwitterionic materials
Composition and mechanisms underlying resistance to protein adsorption
44
Biomimetic vs Bio-inspired Concepts
Biomimetic materials mimic biological structures or functions, while bio-inspired materials draw inspiration from nature for design.
45
Non-thrombogenic Surfaces: Clinical Relevance
Importance in reducing thromboembolic events associated with medical devices.
46
Definition of thromboembolism
Formation and migration of blood clots
47
Heparin
Anticoagulant agent and its mechanism of action
48
Non-thrombogenic Surfaces: Application as coating
Incorporation into layer-by-layer surface modification techniques
49
Evaluation of Material's Resistance to Thrombogenesis
In vitro assays, animal studies, and clinical trials to assess thrombogenic potential
50
Biofilm formation
Formation of bacterial biofilms and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)
51
Challenges of biofilm infections
Difficulty in eradicating biofilm-associated infections on medical devices
52
Effect of surface properties
Influence of surface characteristics on biofilm formation
53
Devices prone to infection
Prosthetic joints and sources of infection
54
Management of prosthetic joint infection
Clinical strategies such as Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention (DAIR) or one- and two-stage revisions
55
Anti-microbial agents
Focus on silver, including its mechanism of action and effectiveness
56
Examples of antibiotic-releasing materials
Implants and coatings designed to release antibiotics to prevent infection.
57
Foreign Body Response Characteristics
Immune reaction to foreign materials, involving inflammation, fibrosis, and encapsulation.
58
Cells involved in FBR
Macrophages, fibroblasts, and other immune cells.
59
Adverse consequences of FBR
Fibrosis, implant rejection, and compromised device function
60
Macrophage Phenotype Changing perceptions
New insights into the complexity of macrophage phenotypes, including M1 and M2 polarization.
61
Genotype versus phenotype
Distinction between genetic makeup and observable traits
62
Consequences of mis-regulation
Imbalanced macrophage activity leading to prolonged inflammation or inadequate tissue repair.
63
Macrophage Phenotype Role in Angiogenesis
Different macrophage phenotypes influence blood vessel formation
64
Hernia Repair Pathology and risks
Abdominal wall weakness leading to herniation, risk of recurrence
65
Types of mesh
Synthetic and biologic options, selection criteria
66
Hernia Repair Implantation Techniques
Surgical approaches and mesh fixation methods
67
Bridging scar concept
Importance in preventing hernia recurrence
68
Fabrication techniques
Free radical polymerization, thermally induced phase separation, solvent casting/particulate leaching, sphere templating
69
Osseointegration
Integration of implants with bone tissue, importance for implant stability and long-term success.
70
Surface modification
Techniques to enhance osseointegration of dental implants
71
Dental Composite Resin Composition
Components of composite resin and their roles in dental restorations
72
Hydrogels
Crosslinked polymer networks capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water
73
Crosslinking mechanisms
Covalent and non-covalent interactions
74
Mesh size
Distance between crosslinks determining the hydrogel's porosity and permeability
75
Covalent Crosslinker
Molecule that forms bonds between polymer chains to create a network structure
76
Monofunctional monomer
Requires a crosslinker to prevent linear polymerization and form a three-dimensional network.
77
Crosslinking of macromers/macromonomers
Larger polymer precursors that undergo crosslinking to form hydrogels.
78
Collagen Hydrogels Structure/composition
Abundant protein in connective tissues, comprising triple helical chains
79
Collagen Hydrogels Isolation
Extraction from animal tissues such as skin or bones
80
Gelation
Collagen undergoes self-assembly into fibrils when pH, temperature, or salt concentration is adjusted.
81
Collagen Hydrogels Advantages/Disadvantages
Biocompatible, mimics native extracellular matrix (ECM), but batch variability and immunogenicity may be concerns
82
Gelatin Hydrogels Isolation/Preparation
Hydrolysis of collagen, resulting in water-soluble gelatin
83
Non-covalent gelation
Gelatin forms physical gels through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions
84
Gelatin Hydrogels Applications
Porous scaffolds for tissue engineering, modified via chemical crosslinking for enhanced stability.
85
Fibrin Hydrogels Components
Fibrinogen and thrombin, which polymerize into fibrin fibers
86
Fibrin Hydrogels Crosslinking Mechanism
Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms crosslinks via Factor XIIIa
87
Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Hydrogels Modification and Covalent Crosslinking
Introduction of functional groups for crosslinking via Michael-type addition reaction.
88
Michael-type Addition
Reaction between a nucleophile and an unsaturated bond
89
Click Chemistry Reactions Characteristics and Advantages
Efficient, selective, and biocompatible reaction with applications in hydrogel synthesis.
90
Guest-Host Hydrogels Crosslinking Mechanisms
Host molecules (e.g., cyclodextrins) form inclusion complexes with guest molecules (e.g., adamantane derivatives), leading to hydrogel formation
91
Guest-Host Hydrogels Advantages
Tunable properties, reversible crosslinking, and stimuli-responsive behavior
92
Hybrid Hydrogels Modification for Cell Adhesion
Incorporation of cell-adhesive peptides (e.g., RGD) or functional groups (e.g., amine, carboxyl) to promote cell attachment and spreading
93
Comparison of naturally-derived vs. synthetic materials
Naturally-derived materials offer biocompatibility and ECM mimicry, while synthetic materials provide tunable properties and controlled degradation rates
94
From hydrolytically-degradable to cell-mediated remodeling
Advancement towards materials that respond to cellular cues for controlled degradation and tissue regeneration.
95
Basis of Cell-Mediated Degradation of Hybrid Hydrogels
Incorporation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-sensitive peptides or domains, enabling enzymatic cleavage and degradation by cells
96
Controlled Release of Growth Factors From Hybrid Hydrogels
Incorporation of growth factor-binding domains or microparticles within the hydrogel network for sustained release, enhancing tissue regeneration
97
Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, builds objects layer by layer from digital models
98
Additive Manufacturing vs Traditional Manufacturing Methods
Contrasts with methods such as subtractive processes or formative processes
99
Advantages of Additive Manufacturing
Complex geometries, customization, and potentially less material waste
100
Limitations of Additive Manufacturing
Slower production speeds, lower material strength, and higher costs for certain materials and technologies.
101
Stereolithography (SLA)
Uses an ultraviolet laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resin layer by layer
102
Stereolithography Advantages
Offers high accuracy and smooth surface finish, suitable for models, prototypes, and intricate parts.
103
Stereolithography vs Traditional Methods
Materials used generally less robust than traditional manufacturing methods
104
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Extrudes thermoplastic filaments onto a build platform
105
Fused Deposition Modeling Uses
Widely used for prototyping, educational purposes, and manufacturing end-use products
106
Fused Deposition Modeling vs Stereolithography
Offers a range of engineering plastics but with lower resolution compared to SLA
107
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Binds powdered materials into solid structures using a laser
108
Selective Laser Sintering Advantages
Provides strong, functional parts without needing support structures but involves high equipment costs and post-processing
109
Selective Laser Sintering Materials
Works with various materials including plastics, glass, ceramics, and metals

Biomaterials (1 decks)

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