Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Entropy

A

randomness associated with a given system.

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2
Q

Enthalpy

A

measure of heat content (thermodynamic potential) of a system.

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3
Q

Free energy

A

the amount of thermodynamic energy in a system that can be converted into work at a given temperature and pressure.

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4
Q

High energy compounds

A

compounds with bonds that release greater than 7 kcal/mol of energy when broken (∆G= -7; chemical energy of greater than 7 kcal/mol)

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5
Q

Oxidation-reduction reaction:

A

a chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons away from one or more compounds (the oxidized compounds) to one or more other compounds (the reduced compounds).

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6
Q

First Law of Thermo

A

Energy conservation (cannot be created or destroyed, only converted)

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7
Q

Second Law of Thermo

A

The entropy of the universe is constantly increasing. (This means that in any given set of reactions that occur simultaneously in a system, the overall entropy of the system must increase.)

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8
Q

If the reaction is favorable, what is the sign of the ∆G?

A

Negative ∆G is spontaneous

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9
Q

If the reaction is exothermic, what is the sign of the ∆H?

A

Negative ∆H is exothermic

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10
Q

If the reaction is endothermic, what is the sign of the ∆H?

A

Postive ∆H is endothermic

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11
Q

If the reaction is entropically and enthalpically favorable, what are the signs for ∆H and ∆S?

A

Negative ∆H and Positive ∆S lead to a more negative ∆G and a more favorable reaction. ∆G = ∆H - T∆S

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12
Q

Entropy of Glucose breakdown?

A

Glucose + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H20 This means that 7 molecules goes to 12 molecules. More disorder is positive entropy.

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13
Q

If the reaction is favorable by Redox Potential (∆E), what sign does it have?

A

Postiive ∆E is spontaneous; ∆G = -nF∆E

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14
Q

An electronegative molecule has what type of E°? Positive/Negative?

A

Electronegativity leads to a Highly Positive E°

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15
Q

An electropositive molecule has what type of E°? Positive/Negative?

A

Electropositivity leads to a Highly Negative E°

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16
Q

If Keq is&raquo_space;1, is the reaction going forwards, backwards, or at equillibrium?

A

Keq&raquo_space;1 = ∆G «0 = Spontaneous Forward

17
Q

If Keq is «1, is the reaction going forwards, backwards, or at equillibrium?

A

Keq <>0 = Spontaneous Backwards

18
Q

If Keq is equal to 1, is the reaction going forwards, backwards, or at equillibrium?

A

Keq = 1 = ∆G = 0. The reaction is at equilibrium.

19
Q

What are the Bonds in Acetyl-CoA?

A

Thioester Bonds

20
Q

What are the Bonds in ATP?

A

Phosphoanhydride P-O-P Bonds

21
Q

What are the Bonds in Phosphocreatine

A

P-N Bonds

22
Q

What are the Bonds in Phosphoenolpyruvate?

A

C-O-P Bonds

23
Q

What type of bonds link DNA and RNA along a chain?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

24
Q

Why can lipids store more energy than carbohydrates?

A

The central carbon on of lipids has a greater number of valence electrons.

25
Q

Gout is caused by an accumulation of what what chemical compound?

A

purines

26
Q

If we know the Electron Energy given off by two reactions, (such as the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH), how can we find the ∆E°?

A

Electron Acceptor - Electron Donor = ∆E°