Bioenergetics

Question 1

MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD AND THEY ARE ALSO CALLED PRODUCERS

Answer 1

AUTOTROPHS

Question 2

MAKE FOOD NOT ONLY FOR THEMSELVES BUT FOR OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS AS WELL

Answer 2

PRODUCERS

Question 3

CANNOT MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD, OBTAIN FOOD BY CONSUMING OTHER ORGANISMS.

Answer 3

HETEROTROPHS

Question 4

WHAT ARE THE ENERGY-
GIVING ENERGY?

Answer 4

GLUCOSE AND ATP

Question 5

-it is made during the
process of photosynthesis.

-In the human body, it is transported by the blood, taken up by the cells as energy source.

Answer 5

Glucose

Question 6

The stored energy in glucose is released in a reverse reaction of photosynthesis called

Answer 6

Cellular Respiration.

Question 7

-the energy-carrying molecule used by the cell.

-is made during the first 1st of photosynthesis and is used during the 2nd
half where glucose is made.

Answer 7

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

Question 8

-unique pigments found in all photosynthetic organisms.

-These pigments capture light energy necessary for photosynthesis.

Answer 8

Photosynthetic Pigments

Question 9

2 group of
pigments in plants.

Answer 9

Chlorophylls and
Carotenoids

Question 10

green pigments (RBV).

Answer 10

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

Question 11

yellow, orange, and red pigments (BGV).

Answer 11

Carotenoids

Question 12

the pigment found in red algae (BG).

Answer 12

Phycobilins

Question 13

where the light reaction occurs.

Answer 13

Grana (singular: granum)

Question 14

the site of photosystem I and photosystem II.

Answer 14

Thylakoids

Question 15

group of
molecules, which includes
chlorophyll.

Answer 15

Photosystems

Question 16

the space found outside the thylakoid

Answer 16

Stroma

Question 17

serves as the primary source of energy for plants.

Answer 17

SUNLIGHT

Question 18

Plants need it to mix with the carbon dioxide and sunlight.

Answer 18

WATER

Question 19

captures the sunlight and helps turn it into food.

Answer 19

CHLOROPHYLL

Question 20

Plants acquire it from the atmosphere and need for the photosynthesis process.

Answer 20

CARBON DIOXIDE

Question 21

HOW DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS WORK?

Answer 21

Chlorophyll absorbs the energy from the sun, combining it with carbon dioxide and water to
create oxygen. This process transforms raw materials into sugar or glucose. Glucose is food
for the plant. Another by-
product of photosynthesis is the synthesis of oxygen.

Question 22

It is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide
and water.

Answer 22

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Question 23

IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Answer 23

Photosynthesis is important because it produces oxygen. Oxygen is vital for all living organisms to breathe.

Question 24

Photosynthesis equation

Answer 24

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 25

is a photochemical reaction taking place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).

Answer 25

STAGE I: LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

Question 26

Process of STAGE I: LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

Answer 26

-Units of light called photons strike a molecule of chlorophyll in PS II. -The light is absorbed by two electrons in chlorophyll a. -Water splits apart and produces the following: 1) Two electrons, 2) Two positively charged hydrogen ions, and 3) One oxygen atom that will produce one oxygen molecule.

Question 27

use stored chemical energy from the light-dependent reactions to “fix” CO2 and create a product that can be converted into glucose.

Answer 27

STAGE II: LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

Question 28

STAGE II: LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS IS ALSO KNOWN AS

Answer 28

Calvin cycle and Dark Reactions

Question 29

The ultimate goal of this is to assemble a molecule of glucose.

Answer 29

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

Question 30

Who discovered this reaction that won him a Nobel Prize in 1961.

Answer 30

Melvin Calvin

Question 31

3 MAJOR STEPS OF CALVIN CYCLE

Answer 31

-Carbon fixation -Reduction reactions -Regeneration of RuBP

Question 32

-the process by which plants fix atmospheric carbon to form organic compounds.

Answer 32

Carbon fixation

Question 33

ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

Answer 33

Reduction reactions

Question 34

the cyclical process where the photosynthetic enzyme Rubisco fixes carbon dioxide into the sugars that fuel plant growth and productivity.

Answer 34

Regeneration of RuBP

Question 35

is the means by which cells release the stored energy in glucose to make ATP. Its primary goal is to convert the stored energy into a usable form.

Answer 35

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 36

THREE STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Answer 36

-Stage I: Glycolysis -Stage II: The Krebs Cycle -Stage III: Electron Transport

Question 37

the process that breaks down one molecule of 6-C glucose into 3-C pyruvates or pyruvic acids. It also releases four molecules of ATP. This process occurs in the cytosol of the cell. Enzymes are involved in this process.

Answer 37

Glycolysis

Question 38

also known as Citric acid cycle is a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions occurring in the mitochondrial matrix, where acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and coenzymes are reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain.

Answer 38

The Krebs Cycle

Question 39

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Answer 39

Electron Transport

Question 40

cellular respiration that proceeds without the presence of oxygen.

Answer 40

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Question 41

organisms that can live without oxygens.

Answer 41

Anaerobes

Question 42

those that die if exposed to oxygen.

Answer 42

Obligate anaerobes

Question 43

those that can live with the presence of oxygen but do not use it.

Answer 43

Facultative anaerobes

Question 44

Aerobic cells also perform anaerobic pathways. There are two common anaerobic pathways in these cells

Answer 44

alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation.

Question 45

also referred to as ethanol fermentation, is a biological process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeasts are responsible for this process, and oxygen is not necessary.

Answer 45

Alcoholic fermentation

Question 46

the best method used for food preservation. Lactobacillus is the most commercially used bacteria for this process. They are used in the production of pickles, sour beer, fermented fish, yoghurt, etc.

Answer 46

Lactic acid fermentation