Bioenergetics

Question 1

Measure of change in heat content of reactants and products

Answer 1

Enthalphy ▲H

Measured in Joules

Question 2

Measure of change in randomness or disorder of the reactants and products

Answer 2

Entropy ▲S

Measured in Joules/Kelvins

Question 3

Predicts the direction in which a reaction will spontaneously proceed

Answer 3

Free Energy ▲G

Question 4

Formula for Free Energy

Answer 4

▲G= ▲H- T▲S

Question 5

Temperature constant for measurement of ▲G

Answer 5

298K or 25Celsius

Question 6

Value of ▲G if there is loss of energy

Answer 6

▲G <0
Exergonic
Spontaneous reaction

Question 7

Value of ▲G if there is gain of energy

Answer 7

▲G > 0
Endergonic
Not spontaneous reaction

Question 8

▲G = 0

Answer 8

Equilibrium. Forward and backward reactions are equal

Question 9

Energy currency of the cell

Answer 9

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 10

4 compounds with greater free energy than ATP

Answer 10

Phosphoenolpyruvate (-14.8)
Carbamoyl phosphate (-12.3)
1,3 Biphosphoglycerate (-11.8)
Creatine phosphate (-10.3)

Question 11

5 compounds with lesser free energy than ATP

Answer 11

Glucose-1 phosphate
PP
Fructose-6 phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glycerol-3-phosphate

Question 12

Done though coupling reactions where a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from another substance with higher ▲G

Answer 12

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 13

Greatest quantitative source of high energy phosphate in aerobic organisms

Answer 13

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 14

2 prerequisites of Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 14

Oxygen and Mitochondria

Question 15

2 Electron carriers used in Electron Transport Chain

Answer 15

NAD and FAD

Question 16

NAD is derived from?

Answer 16

Niacin (B3)

Question 17

FAd is derived from?

Answer 17

Riboflavin (B2)

Question 18

All components of ETC are fixed into the inner mitochondrial membrane except

Answer 18

Coenzyme Q and Cytochrome C

Question 19

__________ is the only non protein component of ETC

Answer 19

Ubiquinone (CoQ)

Question 20

Protons are pumped into intermembranous space in 3 complexes

Answer 20

Complex I, III, IV

Question 21

The final electron acceptor is

Answer 21

Oxygen

Question 22

Hypothesis that explains how the free energy generated by the transport of electrons by the ETC is used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi

Answer 22

Mitchell Hypothesis

Question 23

Protons reenters the matrix through this channel

Answer 23

ATP synthase complex (Complex V)

Question 24

NADH produces how many ATP

Answer 24

2.5 (10 hydrogen ions)

Question 25

FADH produces how many ATP

Answer 25

1.5 (6 hydrogen ions

Question 26

Give 4 Complex I inhibitors

Answer 26

Barbiturates Piericidin A Amytal Rotenone

Question 27

Give 3 Complex II inhibitors

Answer 27

Malonate Carboxin TTFA

Question 28

Give 2 Complex III inhibitors

Answer 28

Antimycin A | Dimercaprol

Question 29

Give 4 Complex IV inhibitors

Answer 29

Cyanide Carbon Monoxide Sodium Azide Hydrogen Sulfide

Question 30

Compounds that increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons

Answer 30

Uncouplers

Question 31

Give 3 examples of uncouplers

Answer 31

2,4 dinitrophenol Aspirin Thermogenin (brown fat)

Question 32

Effects of uncouplers

Answer 32

Increase O2 consumption Dec NADH/NAD and FADH/FAD ratio Dec ATP synthesis

Question 33

Inhibitor of ATP Synthase

Answer 33

Oligomycin (Complex V)

Question 34

Transporter inhibitor of ADP into and ATP out of the mitchondrion

Answer 34

Atractyloside

Question 35

Give 3 ROS

Answer 35

Superoxide Hydrogen Peroxide Hydroxyl Radical

Question 36

Give 3 enzymes that reacts with ROS

Answer 36

Catalase Peroxidase Superoxide dismutase

Question 37

Define MELAS

Answer 37

``` Mitochondrial Encephalomyelopathy Lactic Acidosis Stroke-like episodes ```