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EPHE 441 > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Cell membrane (skmsc sarcolema)

A

semipermeable, separates cell from extracellular environment. encloses components of cell and regulates what goes in and out

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genes-regulate protein synthesis which determines cell composition and actuvuty

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3
Q

Cytoplasm (skmsc sarcoplasm)

A

fluid between nucleus and cell membrane, contains organelles

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4
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Powerhouse, involved in oxidative conversion of food into usable cellular energy

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5
Q

What are the two subtypes of mitochondria found in skeletal muscle?

A

Subsarcolemmal mitochondria and intermyofibrillar mitochondria

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6
Q

What do subsarcolemmal mitochondria do and where are they found?

A

Directly under the sarcolemma. Produce the energy required to active transport ions across the sarcolemma

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7
Q

What do intermyofibrillar mitochondria do and where are they found?

A

Found near myofibrillar (contractile) proteins. Provide energy needed to sustain muscle contraction

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8
Q

What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

Exergonic releases chemical energy and endergonic requires energy to be added

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9
Q

What are the 3 main components of ATP?

A

Adeonsine, ribose, 3 linked phosphates

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10
Q

What 3 metabolic pathways are activated during muscle contraction to produce ATP?

A

1) formation of ATP by phosphocreatine breakdown
2) glycolysis (formation of ATP through breakdown of glucose or glycogen)
3) oxidative formation of ATP

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11
Q

Which ATP metabolic pathways are anaerobic? Which is aerobic?

A

ATP through PC breakdown and glycolysis are anaerobic. oxidative formation requires O2 therefore is aerobic.

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12
Q

What is the function of the ATP-PC/ phosphagen system?

A

Provides energy for msc contraction at the start of short term, high intensity exercise (<5secs)

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13
Q

How is PC reformed?

A

requires ATP, only occurs during recovery

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14
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate or lactate, and ATP

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In sarcoplasm, produces 2 Atp and 2 of either lactate or pyruvate

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16
Q

What are the 2 phases of glycolysis?

A

1) energy investment

2) energy regeneration

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17
Q

Why is ATP priming necessary in glycolysis?

A

ATP is used to form sugar phosphates that can be broken down for more energy (glucose)

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18
Q

Why does the phosphorylation of glycogen not require ATP?

A

Uses inorganic phosphate Pi found in cell

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19
Q

What are carrier molecules?

A

Carry hydrogens that are removed from nutrients

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20
Q

Give an example of 2 carrier molecules.

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

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21
Q

What does NAD+ do in glycolysis?

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A

Removes one of the two excess hydrogen ions = NADH

22
Q

What are the two potential processes to concert NADH back to NAD+?

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A

If O2 is present, hydrogen from NADH shuttled into mitochondria, used in aerobic ATP production. If insufficient O2, pyruvate accepts H to form lactate

23
Q

What enzyme is the catalyst for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

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A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

24
Q

Where does aerobic ATP production occur?

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A

the mitochondria

25
What two metabolic pathways is aerobic ATP production dependent on?
Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
26
What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle)?
Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA using NAD+ and FAD as electron carriers
27
What role does oxygen play in the citric acid cycle?
No role
28
What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
Final electron receptor (water is formed)
29
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The process of aerobic production of ATP
30
How is Acetyl-CoA formed?
Through the break down of carbs, fats, or acids?
31
Why is Acetyl-CoA important?
Required to start citric acid cycle
32
What is betaoxidation?
The process of converting fatty acids to Acetyl-CoA
33
How many ATP are produced as a result of aerobic breakdown of glucose or glycogen?
32 ATP glucose, 33 glycogen
34
What is the energy yield from 1 mole of ATP?
7.3 kcal/mole ATP
35
What is the potential energy from the oxidation of a mole of glucose?
686 kcal/mole glucose
36
What is the efficiency of aerobic respiration?
34 % with the remaining 66% of the free energy of glucose oxidation being released as heat
37
How does a rate limiting enzyme limit the speed of reaction?
1) occur early in pathway to prevent accumulation of products 2) activity of rate limiting pathways limited by modulators
38
What is a modulator?
Substances that increase or decrease enzyme activity
39
What are modulators called?
Allosteric enzymes
40
Give an example of an inhibitor and stimulants in energy metabolism
INH=ATP. Large amounts of ATP present indicate energy usage is low, dont need more EXC=ADP and Pi. increase in cell levels of ADP and Pi mean ATP use is high, should make more
41
List the rate-limiting enzyme, stimulators, and inhibitors for the : ATP-PC system
Rate limiting enzyme: Creatine kinase Stimulators: ADP Inhibitors: ATP
42
List the rate-limiting enzyme, stimulators, and inhibitors for the : Glycolysis
Rate limiting enzyme: phosphofructokinase Stimulators: AMP, ADP, Pi, pH increase Inhibitors: ATP, CP, citrate, pH decrease
43
List the rate-limiting enzyme, stimulators, and inhibitors for the : Citric acid cycle
Rate limiting enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase Stimulators: ADP, Ca2+, NAD+ Inhibitors: ATP, NADH
44
List the rate-limiting enzyme, stimulators, and inhibitors for the : Electron transport chain
Rate limiting enzyme: cytochrome oxidase Stimulators: ADP, Pi Inhibitors: ATP
45
What other biological functions support the increased energy production needed at the start of exercise?
Increased ventilation, Increased cardiac output, vasodilation to working muscle, increased calcium uptake and release by working muscle, increased myoglobin shuttling
46
How is lactic acid removed post exercise?
70% is oxidized by cells 20% converted to glucose 10% converted to amino acids
47
What are some characteristics of the anaerobic lactic system?
Involves glycolysis only, occurs in cytoplasm-close to contractile unit of msc, safety valve for aerobic system (gets activated when O2 isnt available or too much ATP is required)
48
What is the difference between power and capacity?
Power=rate at which energy system produces ATP | Capacity=total amount of ATP an energy system can produce
49
What is the amount of O2 used at resting?
0.25 L/min or 3.5 mL/kg/min
50
What is the optimal intensity for lactic acid removal?
30-40%V02 max

EPHE 441 (6 decks)

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