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Biochemistry 2000 - Intro BCHM > Bioenergetics and Metabolism > Flashcards

Bioenergetics and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

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2
Q

What are metabolites/metabolic intermediates? What are some examples?

A

Metabolites/metabolic intermediates are the chemical intermediates of a metabolic pathway.
Examples: substrates, pathway intermediates, and products

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3
Q

What is the relationship between metabolic pathways and cells?

A

The pathways differ between cells.
Different tissues, different organisms

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4
Q

What are the two major purposes of metabolism?

A
  1. to make the specific molecules that cells need to live and grow.
  2. to obtain usable chemical energy from the environment.
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5
Q

What is the purpose of metabolism?

A

The purpose of metabolism is through intake of macromolecules through good source, energy is released in the form of ATP and is used to break down metabolic intermediates which are the macromolecules in the food source. Then energy is used to support cellular consitituents.

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6
Q

What is the role of nucleotides in metabolism?

A

Nucleotides play another central role as electron carriers.

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7
Q

What are two examples of electron carriers in metabolism and what are they?

A
  1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
  2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Both are cofactors where FAD is a rposthetic group and NAD+ is a cosubstrate

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8
Q

What component of NAD+ and FAD allow them to undergo _______ reaction?

A

The nitrogen base portion enables these electron carriers to undergo a reversible reduction reaction. This nitrogen base is the nictinamine and flavin bases not the adenine base.

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9
Q

What is a proton?

A

H+, no e-, positively charged

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10
Q

What is a hydrogen atom?

A

H

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11
Q

What is a hydride ion?

A

H-, 2e-, charged because it has 1 extra e-

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12
Q

Draw the structure of NAD+ and identify where the reducing point of the structure is (convert to NADH).

A
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13
Q

Draw the structure of NADP+ and indicate where the reducing point of the molecule is (convert to NADPH).

A
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14
Q

Draw the structure of FAD and identify where the structure will be reduced to FADH2.

A
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15
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

A phosphodiester bond forms a bond with the following atoms in this order: C-O-P-O-C

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16
Q

What is a phosphoanhydride bond?

A

A phosphoanhydride bond is a bond that forms with the following atoms in this order:
P-O-P

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17
Q

Write the formula for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH?

A

NAD+ + H+ + 2e- <-> NADH

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18
Q

Write the formula for the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH.

A

NADP+ + H+ + 2e- <—> NADPH

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19
Q

Write the formula for the reduction of FAD to FADH2

A

FAD + 2H+ + 2e- <—-> FADH2

20
Q

What type of cofactors are NAD+ and NADP+?

A

Cosubstrates

21
Q

What are cosubstrates?

A

Cosubstrates are cofactors that are loosly associated with the enzyme.

22
Q

What type of cofactor is FAD?

A

Prosthetic group

23
Q

What is a prosthetic group?

A

It is a cofactor that is tightly associated to its enzyme.

24
Q

What is catabolism?

A

It is an oxidative reaction in which a small amount of energy is inputed and macromolecules are broken down and through this, high amounts of energy is released and the macromolecules are converted to its simple building blocks. Occurs during a well fed state.

25
Q

What is anabolism?

A

It is a reductive reaction in which energy is used to convert the simple building blocks into macromolecules that can then be used by the cell or organism’s body. Usually occurs under starvation conditions.

26
Q

What happens in catabolism?

A

It is an oxidative reaction.

Metabolites are oxidzed - lose e-
Cofactors are reduced (NAD+, FAD - primarily destined for the ETC) - oxidizing agents

27
Q

What happens in anabolism?

A

It is a reductive reaction.

Metabolites are reduced (gain e-)
Cofactors are oxidized (reducing agents)
Most common cofactor is NADPH

28
Q

What are the dietary macromolecules?

A
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
    -Triacylglycerol (fats)
29
Q

Which of the four dietary macromolecules is not a significant fuel source?

A

Nucleic acids (nucleotides)

30
Q

Which of the four dietary macromolecules are the most significant fuel source(s)?

A

Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Triacylglycerol (Fat)
Fatty Acids

31
Q

What happens to the excess fuels?

A

They are stored. Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen molecules in the liver (hepatocytes) and in skeletal muscles (myocytes).

Fatty acids are stored as fat (triacylglycerols) in adipocytes.

32
Q

What is:

G
H
S
deltaG

A

G Free energy: G=H-TS
H Enthalpy
S Entropy, randomness in a system

deltaG Change in free energy
deltaG = Gproducts - Greactants = deltaH-TdeltaS

33
Q

What happens to a reaction if deltaG is negative?

A

If deltaG is negative, the reaction will proceed spontaneously in the forward direction.

34
Q

What happens to a reaction if deltaG is positive?

A

If deltaG is positive, the reaction will not proceed spontaneously in the forward direction.

35
Q

What happens to a reaction if deltaG ~0?

A

The reaction may be considered reversible, its at equilibrium

36
Q

What happens to a reaction if deltaG«<0?

A

The reaction is considered irreversible UNDER CELLULAR CONDITIONS, non reversible

37
Q

What is the biochemical standard state?

A
  • pH = 7
  • [S] & [P] = 1M
  • Temperature = 25degC/298.15K
  • Pressure = 1 atm
  • H2O = 55M
38
Q

What is the chemical standard state?

A

[S] & [P] = 1M
1 atm
T = 25degC/ 298.15K

39
Q

What measures a reactions tendenct to proceed spontaneously?

A

Keq and deltaGo’

40
Q

What is actual free energy?

A

Looks at a chemical reaction in cellular conditions not at standard conditions

41
Q

What does actual free endergy change depend on?

A

Reactant and product concentrations

42
Q

What are high energy intermediates?

A

Compounds which contain “usable” chemical energy and the energy can be recovered or used

43
Q

What are the three major types of high energy intermediates?

A
  1. Electron carriers
  2. nucleotide triphosphates
    3 thioesters
44
Q

What are some examples of electron carriers?

A

NADH, NADPH, FADH2, FMNH2

45
Q

Why are NAD+, NADP+, FAD, and FMN not considered high energy molecules?

A

They are electron acceptors (have to be reduced) and therefore are not considered high energy molecules

46
Q

What are some examples of nucleotide triphosphates?

A

ATP, GTP, UTP

47
Q

Why does ATP hydrolysis yield an large amount of energy per mole?1

A
  1. the relief of charge repulsion
  2. resonance stabilixation of released Pi (inorganic phosphate)
  3. solvation energy difference

Biochemistry 2000 - Intro BCHM (2 decks)

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