Bioepi

Question 1

Number of cases of a particular health event

Answer 1

Term

Question 2

Division of one quantity by another
● Includes any expression with a numera

Answer 2

Ratio

Question 3

A ratio in which the numerator is contained in the denominator

Answer 3

Proportion

Question 4

Expressed as a percentage, decimal, or fraction

Answer 4

Proportion

Question 5

A proportion is multiplied by 100

Answer 5

Percent

Question 6

● State of being symptomatic or unhealthy for a
disease/condition
Two categories of measurem

Answer 6

Morbidity

Question 7

INCIDENCE

Answer 7

New cases

Question 8

Prevalence

Answer 8

Existing or old cases

Question 9

● In mathematics, it is the top number in a fraction
● In epidemiology:
○ Count of persons with a specific trait or condition
○ Count of persons using a program or intervention
○ Count of positive or negative events

Answer 9

NUMERATORS

Question 10

● In mathematics, it is the bottom number in a fraction
● In epidemiology:
○ Total population in an area over a defined period of
time
○ It is the reference population in which health events
are drawn and measured

Answer 10

DENOMINATOR

Question 11

● Frequency of occurences of disease, injury, illness, or death
● Number of newly diagnosed cases

Answer 11

Incident Cases

Question 12

● Occurrence of new cases of events (disease, injury, death) in
a population at risk over a specified period of time
● is a measure of disease-risk

Answer 12

Incidence rate

Question 13

Persons at risk (defined time period)

Answer 13

Closed population

Question 14

Person-time (not observed full time)

Answer 14

Open/Dynamic population

Question 15

● Also known as incidence density

Answer 15

Incidence rate or person time rate

Question 16

● Also called incidence proportion or simply risk
● Measures probability that healthy people will develop a
disease during a specified time
● The proportion of initially susceptibl

Answer 16

CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE

Question 17

● Aka cumulative incidence/ incidence proportion
● It is the risk of getting the disease during a specified period
(duration of an outbreak)
● Usually applied to outbreak settings

Answer 17

Attack rate

Question 18

Overall attack rate

Answer 18

Total number of attack rate/ total population

Question 19

Ate a specific food

Answer 19

Food specific attack rate

Question 20

Number of contacts of primary attack rate

Answer 20

Secondary attack rate

Question 21

● Not a measure of risk
● Usually expresses as a percentage (multiplier = 100)
● Used to express burden of disease (new+old cases)
● Number of persons in a defined population who have a
specified disease or condition at a given point in time

Answer 21

Prevalence

Question 22

○ Proportion of persons with a particular disease or
attribute on a particular date
○ Prevalence of a disease at a certain point in time

Answer 22

Point prevalence

Question 23

○ Proportion of persons with a particular disease or
attribute at any time during the interval

Answer 23

Period prevalence

Question 24

● Number of affected persons present in the population at a
specific time divided by the number of persons in the
population at that time (new + old cases)
● Expressed as the number of existing cases per X
population

Answer 24

Prevalence Rate

Question 25

communicable diseases, cancer registries

Answer 25

Disease Reporting

Question 26

clinical criteria by which public health professionals determine whether a person’s illness is included as a case in an outbreak investigation

Answer 26

Case definition

Question 27

A clearly defined group of persons who are studied over a period of time to determine the incidence of death, disease, or injury

Answer 27

Cohort

Question 28

○ The proportion of persons who are unaffected at the beginning of a study period, but who undergo the risk event (death, disease, or injury) during the study perio

Answer 28

Risk

Question 29

Crude rates that have been modified (adjusted) to control for the effects of age or other characteristics and allow for valid comparisons of rates

Answer 29

Standardized

Question 30

The preferred method of standardization if the specific rates come from large populations and the needed data is available. The direct method of standardizing death rates, for example, applies the age distribution of some populations – the standard population – to the actual age-specific death rates of the different populations to be compared. This removes the bias that occurs if an old population is compared with a young population

Answer 30

Direct Standardization

Question 31

○ The method of standardization used when the populations to be compared are small (so that age-specific death rates are unstable) or when age-specific death rates are unavailable from one or more populations but data concerning the age distribution and the crude death rate are available. Here standard death rates (from the standard population) are applied to the corresponding age groups in the different population or populations to be studied. The result is an expected (standardized crude) death rate for each population under study. These “expected” values are those that would have been expected if the standard death rates had been true for the populations under study. Then the standardized mortality ratio is calculated

Answer 31

Indirect Standardization