Bioethics

Question 1

Consequences-based approach

Answer 1

Places central importance on the CONSIDERATION of the CONSEQUENCES of the action. Aims to acheive maximal positive outcomes and minimal negative effects.

Question 2

Duty based approach

Answer 2

Concerned with the ACTIONS TAKEN and places central importance on the idea that people have a duty to act in a particular way that follows certain ETHICAL RULES, regardless of the consequence.

Question 3

Virtues based approach

Answer 3

Consideration is given to the virtue or moral character of the person carrying out the action, what a good person would seek to achieve to then act in the right way.

Question 4

Integrity

Answer 4

The commitment to searching for knowledge and the HONEST REPORTING of all sources of information and communication of results. Done in WAYS THAT PERMIT SCRUTINY and contribute to public knowledge and understanding.

Question 5

Justice

Answer 5

The MORAL OBLIGATION to ensure that there is FAIR CONSIDERATION of COMPETING CLAIMS, that there is no UNFAIR BURDEN on a particular group from an action. Fair distribution of access to the benefits of an action are ensured.

Question 6

Beneficence

Answer 6

The commitment to MAXIMISING BENEFITS and MINIMISING RISKS and harms involved in an action.

Question 7

Non-maleficence

Answer 7

The AVOIDANCE OF CAUSATIONS TO HARM. If degree of harm is present, then it should not be disproportionate to the benefits of an action.

Question 8

Respect

Answer 8

The CONSIDERATION of the extent to which living things have an INTRINSIC/INSTRUMENTAL VALUE; giving due regard to the welfare, liberty, beliefs, perception, autonomy, customs and cultural heritage of both individual and collective.