BIOETHICS

Question 1

Consequences-based approach

Answer 1

the consideration of the consequences of an action (the ends), with the aim to achieve maximisation of positive outcomes and minimisation of negative effects.

Question 2

Duty/Rules based approach

Answer 2

An action is right if and only if it is in accordance with a correct moral rule or principle.

Question 3

Virtues based approach

Answer 3

An action is right if and only if it is what a virtuous agent would characteristically [i.e. acting in character] do in the circumstances.

Question 4

Integrity

Answer 4

the honest reporting of all sources of information and communication of results, whether favourable or unfavourable

Question 5

Justice

Answer 5

The moral obligation to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims; that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action; and that there is fair distribution and access to the benefits of an action.

Question 6

Beneficience

Answer 6

maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms involved in taking a particular position or course of action

Question 7

Non-maleficience

Answer 7

avoiding the causations of harm. the concept of non-maleficence implies that the harm resulting from any position or course of action should be disproportionate than the benefits from any course of action

Question 8

Respect

Answer 8

giving due regard to the welfare and cultural heritage of both the individual and the collective; consideration of the capacity of living things to make their own decisions

Question 9

What are some bioethical implications of crispr

Answer 9

-Changes course of natural selection (virtues-based, non-maleficence)

-Difficult to control intended edits of gene
-Could lead to unknown mutations and negative consequences
(consequences-based approach, integrity beneficence, non-maleficence)
Increasing crop yield to provide more food
(beneficence, virtues based)

Question 10

Bioethical implications of Biofuels

Answer 10

Food vs Fuel debate
-(Virtues-based, consequences based, justice, integrity)

Cheap vs costly
-Cheap once up and running, but costly to setup, and storage and transport of ethanol is costly

Question 11

Consequence-based approach to the use of a vaccine

Answer 11

Benefits to the wider community, acheiving herd immunity outweighs the negatives ou a singular person’s negative allergic reactions