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BioFinal Pt2 > Biofinalpt2 > Flashcards

Biofinalpt2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

An organized unit of DNA sequences that enables a segment of DNA to be transcribed into RNA and ultimately results in the formation of a functional product

A gene is composed of the promoter, regulatory sequence, transcribed region, and terminator.

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2
Q

What is the function of the promoter in a gene?

A

The site in the DNA where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.

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3
Q

What are regulatory sequences?

A

The site binding to regulatory proteins that control whether a gene is turned on or off.

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4
Q

What is the transcription region of a gene?

A

A region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule.

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5
Q

What is a terminator in transcription?

A

A sequence that causes the RNA strand to be released from the transcription complex.

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6
Q

What is required for the initiation of transcription?

A

Transcription factor (TFs) binding to the promoter region of a gene.

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7
Q

True or False: In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region that contains a TATA box.

A

True.

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8
Q

In which direction is the DNA template read during transcription?

A

From 3’ to 5’ direction.

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9
Q

What is the direction of RNA synthesis during transcription?

A

From 5’ to 3’ direction.

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10
Q

What types of RNA are produced during transcription?

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
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11
Q

Where does prokaryotic transcription occur?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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12
Q

Where does eukaryotic transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus.

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13
Q

How many types of RNA polymerase are present in eukaryotic cells?

A

Three types: RNA polymerase I, II, and III.

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14
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase I?

A

Transcribes rRNA genes.

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15
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase II?

A

Transcribes mRNA, miRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA genes.

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16
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase III?

A

Transcribes tRNA and 5S rRNA genes.

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17
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding portions of a gene.

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18
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding portions of a gene that are excised from RNA transcription.

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19
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

The removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA.

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20
Q

What is the biological function of introns?

A
  • Alternate splicing generates different mRNA molecules
  • Contributes to genetic diversity
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21
Q

What is a 5’ cap in mRNA processing?

A

A 7-methylguanosine attached to the mature eukaryotic mRNAs at the 5’ end.

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22
Q

What is a 3’ poly-A tail?

A

A poly A tail added to the most mature eukaryotic mRNAs at the 3’ end.

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23
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The nucleotide information that specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

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24
Q

How many possible codons are there?

A

64 possible codons.

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25
What is a start codon?
AUG, which codes for methionine.
26
What are the three stop codons?
* UAA * UGA * UAG
27
What is codon usage bias?
Different organisms may prefer certain codons that encode the same amino acid over others.
28
What is the coding strand of DNA?
The strand of DNA not used as a template for transcription, also called the sense strand.
29
What is the template strand of DNA?
The DNA strand that mRNA is built from, also called the antisense strand.
30
What is a mutation?
The permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism.
31
What is a base substitution mutation?
The replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand with another pair of nucleotides.
32
What is a missense mutation?
A point mutation that results in a change in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
33
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation where a change in a DNA codon does not result in a change in the amino acid specified by the gene.
34
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation in which a sense codon is changed to a chain termination codon.
35
What is a frameshift mutation?
A mutation caused by insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
36
What are the two main processes of protein synthesis?
* Transcription * Translation
37
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?
In the nucleus.
38
Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?
In the cytoplasm.
39
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon with the codon on mRNA.
40
What is the structure of tRNA?
Small RNAs (75-90 bp) that can base-pair with themselves, forming a cloverleaf pattern.
41
What is aminoacylation?
The process of adding an amino acid to tRNA.
42
What are the three binding sites of a ribosome?
* A site (Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site) * P site (Peptidyl-tRNA binding site) * E site (Exit site)
43
What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) primarily responsible for?
Both the structure and function of ribosomes.
44
What occurs during the initiation phase of translation?
The Met-tRNA/small ribosomal subunit complex binds to the 5’ cap of the mRNA.
45
What is the role of the release factor in translation termination?
Binds in the A-site when a stop codon is present, causing translation to terminate.
46
What is cellular respiration?
The process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions.
47
What is an aerobe?
An organism that grows or metabolizes only in the presence of oxygen.
48
What is an anaerobe?
An organism that grows only in the absence of oxygen.
49
What is a facultative anaerobe?
An organism capable of carrying out aerobic respiration but able to switch to fermentation when oxygen is unavailable.
50
What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?
* Glycolysis * Formation of acetyl-CoA * Krebs cycle * Electron transport chain/Chemiosmosis
51
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasmic fluid.
52
What is produced during glycolysis?
* 2 pyruvate * 2 ATP * 2 NADH
53
What happens in the Krebs cycle?
The metabolic cycle that completes the breakdown of glucose to CO2.
54
What is the electron transport chain?
A sequence of electron-carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during redox reactions.
55
What is the total yield of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH ## Footnote Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is the first step in cellular respiration.
56
What do NADH and FADH2 molecules carry to the electron transport chains?
High-energy electrons ## Footnote These electrons are derived from the oxidation of glucose.
57
Where is the electron transport chain located?
Inner mitochondrial membrane ## Footnote This location is comparable to the bacterial plasma membrane.
58
What are the four large enzyme complexes in the electron transport chain?
* NADH-Q reductive complex * Succinate-Q reductase complex * Cytochrome b/c1 reductase complex * Cytochrome c oxidase complex ## Footnote These complexes facilitate electron transfer and proton pumping.
59
What is chemiosmosis?
The production of ATP using the energy of proton gradient across membranes ## Footnote It powers most ATP synthesis in cells.
60
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
O2 ## Footnote Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration.
61
What is the maximum yield of ATP from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?
36 to 38 ATPs ## Footnote This includes contributions from glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
62
What is the role of ATP Synthase in ATP production?
Facilitates diffusion of protons down their gradient ## Footnote This process drives the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
63
What are the three main types of organic molecules that can serve as fuel?
* Carbohydrates * Proteins * Fats ## Footnote Each type is converted into intermediates for cellular respiration.
64
What is fermentation?
An ATP-generating process in the absence of O2 ## Footnote It allows organisms to survive on glycolysis alone.
65
What is produced during alcoholic fermentation?
CO2 and ethanol ## Footnote This process occurs in yeasts and certain bacteria.
66
What is the main function of fermentation?
* Allows survival without oxygen * Removes toxic NADH * Replenishes NAD+ ## Footnote Fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
67
What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
Absorbs sunlight and synthesizes organic food molecules ## Footnote Chloroplasts are essential for photosynthesis.
68
What are the two unique reactions in chloroplasts during photosynthesis?
* Light Reaction * Carbon Fixation ## Footnote These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and stroma, respectively.
69
What is the main pigment in chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll ## Footnote Chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
70
What is the role of Photosystem II?
Absorbs light and energizes electrons ## Footnote It also pulls electrons from water, releasing O2.
71
What is the Calvin Cycle?
The series of reactions that fix carbon into organic compounds ## Footnote It uses ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.
72
What is the first step of the Calvin Cycle?
Bicarbonate Fixation ## Footnote CO2 is fixed to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) by Rubisco.
73
What is produced from the Calvin Cycle that can lead to glucose formation?
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) ## Footnote Two molecules of G3P can be used to form glucose or fructose.
74
What is the main difference between cyclic and noncyclic electron flow?
Cyclic flow produces only ATP, while noncyclic produces both ATP and NADPH ## Footnote Cyclic flow does not involve water splitting or O2 production.
75
What is the relationship between light energy and photon absorption in photosynthesis?
Light energy is absorbed by pigments, exciting electrons ## Footnote This energy transfer initiates the light-dependent reactions.

BioFinal Pt2 (2 decks)

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