Biographical Notes Flashcards
(310 cards)
1
Q
Mary Wollstonecraft
A
(1759-1797): British feminist, often considered the mother of modern feminism, author of “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” (1792).
2
Q
Klemens von Metternich
A
(1773-1859): Austrian diplomat, one of the architects of the Congress of Vienna and the next 30 years of conservative reaction in Europe. He fell from power during the Revolutions of 1848.
3
Q
Immanuel Kant
A
(1724-1804): German moral philosopher.
4
Q
Feodor Dostoevsky
A
(1821-1881): Russian novelist.
5
Q
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
A
(1769-1822): British statesman and diplomat, architect of the final coalition against Napoleon, and one of the principal framers of the Congress of Vienna.
6
Q
John Calvin
A
(1509-1564): Protestant reformer who became the virtual ruler of Geneva; articulated the idea of predestination.
7
Q
Author and date: Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
A
Galileo, 1632.
8
Q
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A
(1712-1778): Swiss Philosophe.
9
Q
Author and date: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
A
David Hume, written in the 1750s, suppressed until 1779.
10
Q
For what actions was Slobodan Milosovic tried for crimes against humanity?
A
“Ethnic cleansing” in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1992-1994, and in Kosovo, 1998-1999.
11
Q
When did Kruschev criticize the Stalinist terror?
A
1956
12
Q
Gustavus Adolphus
A
(1594-1632), King of Sweden (1611-1632) who made Sweden a major power and blocked Habsburg ambitions in the Thirty Years’ War.
13
Q
Author and date: Principles of Political Economy
A
John Stuart Mill, 1848.
14
Q
Leon Trotsky
A
(1879-1940): Russian communist leader, negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) and organized the Red Army.
15
Q
Louis Philippe
A
(1773-1850): Duke of Valois, duke of Chartres, duke of Orleans; king of France (1830-1848).
16
Q
Anne Frank
A
(1929-1945): German-born Jewish diarist. Died at Bergen-Belsen in 1945.
17
Q
Heinrich Himmler
A
(1900-1945): Nazi politician, head of Hitler’s SS.
18
Q
Who was proprietor of the Congo Free State and when?
A
King Leopold II of Belgium, 1884-1908. Presided over terrible abuses.
19
Q
Author and date: A Treatise of Human Nature
A
David Hume, 1739-1740.
20
Q
Which Austrian emperor issued the Edict of Toleration and when?
A
Joseph II, in 1781
21
Q
Author and date: Principles of Morals and Legislation
A
Jeremy Bentham, 1798.
22
Q
What famous cause did Emile Zola support
A
Freeing Alfred Dreyfus
23
Q
Victor Emmanual III
A
(1869-1947): king of Italy (1900-1946).
24
Q
Author and date: The Sorrows of Young Werther
A
Johan Wolfgang von Goethe, 1774.
25
Francis II
(1544-1560): King of France (1559-1560).
26
Phillipe, Duke of Anjou
(1683-1746): Grandson of Louis XIV. His decision to accept the Spanish crown in 1700 led to the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-17014). King Philip V of Spain (1700-1745).
27
Jean-Paul Sartre
(1905-1980): French existentialist philosopher and novelist.
28
Ludwig van Beethoven
(1770-1827): German composer, often credited with propelling music into the Romantic age, a democrat and critic of Napoleon.
29
Alexander II
(1818-1881), Liberal, reforming Czar of Russia (1855-1881).
30
Author and date: The Birth of Tragedy
Friedrich Nietzche, 1872
31
Author and date: Ulysses
James Joyce, 1922.
32
Charles IX
(1550-1574): King of France (1560-1574) who accepted the advice of his mother to massacre Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572.
33
Author and date: Nausea
Jean-Paul Sartre, 1949
34
Author and date: The Waste Land
T.S. Eliot, 1922
35
Slobodan Milosevic
(1941-2006): Serbian politician, president of Serbia (1988-1997) and reorganized Yugoslavia (1997-1999).
36
When did Gorbachev when the Nobel Peace Prize?
1990
37
When was the Battle of Lepanto?
1571
38
Author and Date: "The Diary of a Young Girl"
Anne Frank, published by her father in 1947.
39
Rene Descartes
(1596-1650): Philosopher, scientist, and mathematician.
40
What was the pragmatic sanction?
Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI's arrangement, allowing the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa.
41
Adolf Eichmann
(1906-1962): German soldier, SS man, and war criminal, responsible for carrying out Hitler's "Final Solution" from 1941. Executed in 1960.
42
Thomas Edison
(1847-1931): American inventor, responsible for more than 1,000 patents, including ones for the electric light, the phonograph, the stock ticker, and important work on motion-picture technology.
43
Author and date: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
James Joyce, 1916.
44
Henry VIII
(1491-1547): King of England (1509-1547) he assumed the leadership of the Church of England and married Anne Boleyn in 1533 after the papacy refused his request of a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.
45
When was the Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia?
1700-1721
46
Author and date: Novum Organum
Francis Bacon, 1620
47
Frederick II (the Great)
(1712-1786): King of Prussia (1740-1786).
48
Ferdinand V of Castile (or II of Aragon)
(1452-1516): King of Spain 1479-1516 (jointly with Isabella, 1479-1504).
49
When was Thomas Jefferson the Governor of Virginia?
1779-1781
50
James Joyce
(1882-1941): Irish novelist and proponent of stream-of-consciousness narrative.
51
Charles I
(1600-1649): King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649); his personality and policies helped to precipitate the British Civil Wars of 1637-1660. He was tried and executed on the charge of treason against the people of England in January 1649.
52
Date and author: Oliver Twist
Charles Dickens, 1838.
53
Author and date: The New Atlantis
Francis Bacon, 1627
54
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesqueiu
(1689-1755): French philosophe of the Enlightenment.
55
Victor Hugo
(1802-1885): French Romantic novelist.
56
Margaret Thatcher
(1926-2013): British politician, prime minister (1979-1990); she cut government spending and social programs, privatized industry, and pursued a strongly pro-American, anti-communist foreign policy.
57
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
(1619-1683): Advisor to Louis XIV from 1665 whose fiscal and military reforms facilitated France's wars.
58
Friedrich Engels
(1820-1895): Karl Marx's writing partner.
59
Author and date: The Will to Power
Friedrich Nietzche, 1901
60
Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884): Augustinian monk and botanist who, through experiments on peas, discovered Mendel's law about heredity and its transmission through genes.
61
Composer and premier date: Parsifal
Richard Wagner, July 26th 1882
62
What battle did the Duke of Marborough win in 1704?
Blenheim
63
Author and Date: Spirit of the Laws
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesqueiu, 1748
64
What wars were presided over by Franz-Josef?
Austria's victory over Denmark in 1864 and their loss against Prussia in 1866
65
Maximilien Robespierre
(1758-1794): Radical French politician, leader of the Jacobins during the French Revolution, virtual ruler of France (1793-1794).
66
Ronald Reagan
(1911-2004): President of the United States (1981-1989). Reagan's administration marked a turn toward conservative fiscal and social policy in the United States.
67
Giuseppe Garibaldi
(1807-1882): Italian nationalist patriot leader, his defeat of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and subsequent acknowledgement of Victor Emanuel II as king of Italy in 1861 led to the unification of Italy.
68
What happened to Matthias Corvinus's Hungarian kingdom after his death?
Collapsed back into Feudalism
69
Author and date: Ecce Homo
Friedrich Nietzche, 1908.
70
Richard Nixon
(1913-1994): President of the United States (1969-1974)
71
Author and date: Confessions (not Augustine's)
Rousseau, 1782-1789.
72
Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans
(1561-1626): English government official and philosopher.
73
When was Picasso's "blue period"?
1901-1904
74
Edmund Burke
(1729-1797): Irish statesman.
75
Charles VII
(1403-1461): King of France (1422-1461) who restored the authority of the French monarchy following the Hundred Years' War.
76
Author and date: Das Kapital
Marx, 1883.
77
Pablo Picasso
(1881-1973): Spanish painter, famed for his evolution through a variety of experimental styles.
78
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939): Physician, psychiatrist, father of psychotherapy, originator of the concept of the unconscious mind.
79
Nicholas Copernicus
(1473-1544): Polish astronomer who wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies" (1543), which posited a Sun-centered system.
80
When did Louis XVI call the Estates General, thus setting in motion the French Revolution?
1689
81
Maria Theresa
(1717-1780): Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, (1740-1780).
82
Author and Date: The Brothers Karamazov
Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1879-1880
83
What was the Edict of Nantes?
Edict of toleration of Huguenots issued by Henry IV in 1598.
84
When did Peter the Great suppress the rebellion of the Streltsy guard?
1698
85
Niccolo Machiavelli
(1469-1527): Italian writer on politics, author of "The Prince" (1532).
86
Joseph II
(1741-1790): Holy Roman Emperor (1765-1790), regent of Austria (1765-1780), and emperor of Austria (1780-1790).
87
Sir Robert Walpole
(1676-1745): British statesman, prime minister (1720-1742). He maintained his power by pursuing peace abroad, keeping taxes low at home, and running a political spoils system in which members of Parliament were rewarded for loyalty with titles, government jobs, pensions and so on.
88
Who ruled France during Louis XIV's minority? When did he assume power?
Cardinal Mazarin. Louis ruled in his own right from 1661.
89
Author and date: Hamlet
Shakespeare, 1601.
90
What was the nature of Richelieu's rule?
Laid the foundations for absolutism. Encouraged trade, industry, overseas expansion. Aggressive Foreign policy including French involvement in the 30 years war.
91
Lord Horatio Nelson
(1758-1805): British admiral, victor at the Battles of the Nile (1798), Coppenhagen (1801), and Trafalgar (1805).
92
Dwight David Eisenhower
(1890-1969): Soldier, statesman, and president of the United States (1953-1961). Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (1943-1945); successfully coordinated Allied cooperation in the defeat of Germany. As president, he led the United States and the free world in a crucial period of the Cold War.
93
Emile Zola
(1840-1902): Liberal French author who embraced Realism in Writing about peasant and working-class life.
94
Wilhelm I
(1797-1888): King of Prussia (1861-1871), Kaiser of Germany (1871-1888).
95
Author and date: The Condition of the Working Class in England
Friedrich Engels, 1845.
96
Where was Napoleon's final exile?
St. Helena
97
Author and date: Discourses
Rousseau, 1750, 1755.
98
Peter the Great
(1672-1725): Czar of Russia (1682-1725); a great modernizer and reformer.
99
How did Charles V spend his reign?
Combating the Protestant reformation, the Turks, and fighting France for control of Italy
100
Giuseppe Verdi
(1813-1901): Italian opera composer.
101
How did Henry IV die?
He was assassinated in 1610.
102
Composer and premier date: Rigoletto
Verdi, 1851.
103
When did Hume write his 8-volume History of England?
1754-1762.
104
Philippe II, Duke of Orleans
(1674-1723). Regent to Louis XV from 1715 to 1723; introduced polysynody in a failed effort to return power to the nobles.
105
Robert Owen
(1771-1858): British Utopian socialist and reforming factgory owner.
106
What was Bismark's main achievement?
German unification
107
When was Picasso's period of Cubism?
1909-1925
108
Date and author: Hard Times
Charles Dickens, 1854.
109
When was the Russo-Japanese War?
1904-1905
110
John Maynard Keynes
(1883-1946): English economist, diplomat, and author, most notably, of "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" (1933-1935).
111
Francisco Franco
(1892-1975): Soldier, Spanish fascist leader, and dictator (1939-1975).
112
Helmut Kohl
(b. 1930): German statesman, chancellor of West Germany (1982-1990) and Germany (1990-1998).
113
Jan Sobieski III
(1629-1696): Elective king of Poland (1674-1696) whose armies broke the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683 and whose reign marked a brief revival of Polish power.
114
Karl Marx
(1818-1883): German philosopher, architect of international communism.
115
William the Silent, of Orange
(1533-1584). Leader of the Netherlands' revolt against Spain, first stadholder, and grandfather of King William III of England.
116
John Toland
(1670-1722): Catholic-born convert to Anglicanism whose "Christianity Not Mysterious" (1696) became a classic of Deism.
117
Why was Napoleon III deposed?
He bungled Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71.
118
Author and date: "Second Treatise on Government"
John Locke, 1690.
119
Charles Darwin
(1809-1882): British biologist and the author of "The Origin of Species" (1859) and "The Descent of Man" (1879).
120
Where was Napoloeon's first exile?
Elba
121
Charles Albert
(1798-1849): King of Sardinia (1831-1849), whose resistance against the Austrians helped inspire the Italian movement for national independence.
122
Author and Date: The poem "Jerusalem"
William Blake, 1808.
123
When did Churchill win the Nobel Prize and for what?
Literature in 1953
124
Composer and premier : Tristan and Isolde
Richard Wagner, June 10th 1865
125
Author and date: On Liberty
John Stuart Mill, 1859.
126
Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington
(1769-1852): British army commander in the Napoleonic wars who held on at Waterloo (1815) until Prussian reinforcements under Blucher joined Wellington's troops to defeat Napoleon.
127
Isabella I
(1451-1504): Queen of Castille (1474-1504) and Spain (jointly with Ferdinand, 1479-1504).
128
Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of Sully
(1560-1641): Huguenot financial and political advisor to Henry of Bourbon before and throughout his reign as King Henry IV (1589-1610).
129
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
(1870-1924): Premier of the Soviet Union (1917-1924).
130
What was the response to the Earl of Oxford's treaty of Utrecht? What did he do afterwords?
He was impeached then acquitted. Afterwords he amassed a great book and manuscript collection, the basis for the British Museum.
131
Author and date: Civilization and Its Discontents
Sigmund Freud, 1930.
132
Matthias Corvinus ("The Just")
(1443-1490): Hungarian king who ruled strongly from 1458-1490, initially under the guidance of a regent from Italy.
133
Louis XV
(1710-1774): King of France (1715-1774).
134
Composer and premier date: Siegfried
Richard Wagner, August 16th, 1876
135
Charles V
(1500-1558): Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556); as Charles I, King of Spain (1506-1556).
136
Nikita Khruschev
(1894-1971): General secretary of the Communist Party (1953-1964) and premier of the Soviet Union (1958-1964).
137
Author and Date: Crime and Punishment
Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1866
138
When did Philip II launch the failed Spanish Armada?
1588
139
Charles Dickens
(1812-1870): British novelist.
140
George C. Marshall
(1880-1959): American soldier and statesman, U.S. Army chief of staff in World War II; he organized the massive American mobilization, then the relief plan implemented to restore the European economies that bears his name, beginning in 1947. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
141
What Tsar was assassinated by anarchists and when?
Alexander II in 1881
142
Leonid Brezhnev
(1906-1982): Premier of the Soviet Union (1965-1982)
143
Which French king married, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots?
Francis II in 1558. Dominated by her anti-Protestant advisors.
144
Albert Einstein
(1879-1955): German physicist responsible for the special and general theories of relativity.
145
Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu
(1585-1642): French clergyman and statesman, virtual ruler of France under Louis XIII (1610-1643).
146
Anne
(1665-1714): Last Stuart queen of Great Britain (1702-1714).
147
Nicholas I
(1796-1855): Czar of Russia (1825-1855).
148
Henry IV (French)
(1553-1610): King of Navarre (1572-1589) and leader of the French Huguenots during the Wars of Religion, king of France (1589-1610).
149
Michel de Montaigne
(1533-1592): Humanist author whose Essays advocated rational reforms.
150
What progressive measures did Joseph II of Austria enact?
dissolved the monasteries, freed the serfs, made German the official language.
151
What was Napoleon III's reign like?
Initially liberal, even as president sought to enhance his authority. As emperor, combined enlightened social policies and public works with expansionism.
152
Author and date: Social Contract
Rousseau, 1762.
153
Eugene of Savoy
(1663-1736): Prince and allied general during the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714) and Marlborough's partner in the victory at Blenheim; he subsequently drove the French out of Italy.
154
James I
(1566-1625): King of Scotland (1567-1625), first Stuart king of England (1603-1625).
155
Author and Date: A Doll's House
Henrik Ibsen, 1879.
156
James II
(1633-1701): King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1685-1688). He attempted to secure toleration for Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, which precipitated the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689.
157
David Lloyd-George
(1863-1945): Prime minister of Great Britain (1916-1922) during and after World War I who privately agreed with Woodrow Wilson's call for moderate treatment of defeated Germany but rejected moderation in the Treaty of Versailles.
158
Sir Isaac Newton
(1642-1727): British scientist who posited the theory of gravity, three laws of motion, and in the "Principia Mathematica" (1687), a complete cosmological system.
159
Composer and premier date: Die Walkure
Richard Wagner, June 26th 1870
160
Josef Stalin
(1879-1953): Secretary general of the Communist Party (1922-1953) and virtual dictator of the Soviet Union (1924-1953).
161
Alexander III
(1845-1894) Czar of Russia (1881-1894); cancelled his father's plans for a more representative government, persecuted non-Orthodox minorities, and sought to impose Russian nationalism on non-Russians.
162
Author and Date: Les Miserables
Victor Hugo, 1862
163
Cardinal Andre-Hercule de Fleury
(1653-1743): Statesman, tutor to Louis XV, and eventual de facto prime minister of France (1726-1743), he pursued a policy of peace with Britain.
164
What did Josip Tito do during WW2?
Organized partisan resistance against the Nazis
165
Franz Ferdinand
(1863-1914): Statesman and heir to the Austrian throne, he was assassinated in Sarajevo.
166
Author and date: Beyond Good and Evil
Friedrich Nietzche, 1886.
167
John Locke
(1632-1704): British political philosopher.
168
Boris Yeltsin
(1931-2007): Russian statesman, first president of the Russian Federation (1991-2000).
169
John F. Kennedy
(1917-1963): Seaman, statesman, and President of the United States (1961-1963). Kennedy launched the space program, supported civil rights for American blacks, managed to avoid nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis, and worked out the Test Ban Treaty with the Soviets. He was assassinated in 1963.
170
Charles de Gaulle
(1890-1970): A soldier in World War I, leader of the Free French forces in World War II, and president of France 1958-1969. He famously maintained French independence from its British and American allies in the postwar period.
171
Composer and date: The Rite of Spring
Igor Stravinsky, 1913
172
Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898): Chancellor of, first, Prussia (1862-1871), then Germany (1871-1890)
173
Thomas Malthus
(1766-1834): British political economist, his "Essay on Population" (1798) argued that the world's population was bound to outrun its food supply and that charity and medicine only exacerbated the problem.
174
When did Peter the Great establish St. Petersburg?
1703.
175
Author and date: Emile
Rousseau, 1762.
176
Wilhelm II
(1859-1941): Kaiser of Germany (1888-1918), his diplomatic missteps and decision to build a navy alienated the Russians and the British and facilitated the outbreak of WW I. Abdicated in November 1918 as Germany lost the war.
177
Author and date: Communist Manifesto
Marx and Engels, 1848
178
Jules Cardinal Mazarin
(1602-1661): Chief minister to Louis XIV from 1643 to 1661.
179
Composer and premier date: Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg
Richard Wagner, June 21st, 1868
180
Composer and premier date: Lohengrin
Richard Wagner, August 8th, 1850
181
When did Churchill serve as First Lord of the Admiralty?
1911-1915. Failure of Gallipoli campaign
182
Author and date: Critique of Pure Reason
Immanuel Kant, 1781.
183
What did Victor Imanuel III do in 1946?
He abdicated the in an effort to influence the 1946 plebiscite that abolished the Italien monarchy.
184
Leo Tolstoy
(1828-1910): Russian novelist.
185
Composer and date: Petrushka
Igor Stravinsky, 1910-1911
186
Alexander I
(1777-1825), Czar of Russia (1801-1825) who led Russia during the Napoleonic Wars and originated the idea for the Holy Alliance (1819).
187
Mikhail Gorbachev
(b. 1931): Statesman, secretary general of the Communist Party (1985-1991), and president of the Soviet Union (1988-1991).
188
Who engineered the Grand alliance to beat Louis XIV in the Nine Years' War?
William III, of Orange.
189
Author and Date: The Iron Law of Wages
David Ricardo, 1817
190
Author and date: A New View of Society
Robert Owen, 1813.
191
Composer and date: The Marriage of Figaro
Mozart, 1785-1786
192
Describe Nixon's presidency
Maintained American involvement in Southeast Asia; pursued detente with Soveit union and China; continued liberal social programs; resigned over Watergate.
193
Sir Winston Spence Churchill
(1874-1965): Journalist, soldier, statesman, and PM of Great Britain (1940-1945, 1951-1955).
194
What was Maria Theresa's reign like?
Reformed Austrian Finances, military and trade. Faced War of Austrian Succession upon her accession in 1740. Lost Silesia to Frederick the Great.
195
John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough
(1650-1722): British soldier and statesman, captain-general of Queen Anne's forces in the War of the Spanish Succession.
196
Hermann Goering
(1893-1946): Aviator; a flying ace in World War I, Goering organized the Gestapo and then the Luftwaffe for Hitler.
197
Charles X
(1757-1836): King of France (1824-1830); attempted to restore elements of the ancient regime and was forced to abdicate by the July Revolution of 1830.
198
Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1832): Utilitarian philosopher.
199
Robert Harley, First Earl of Oxford
(1661-1724): English statesman, architect of the treaty of Utrecht.
200
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642): Scholar, scientist, and professor at the University of Pauda, he was one of the first to turn a telescope to the heavens.
201
What was Brezhnev's rule like?
He presided over a period of internal stagnation but made some accommodation with the West in the Cold War
202
Composer and premier date: Gotterdammerung
Richard Wagner, August 17th, 1876
203
Author and date: Reflections on the Revolution in France
Edmund Burke, 1792.
204
Author and date: Being and Nothingness
Jean-Paul Sartre, 1943
205
Louis XI
(1423-1483): King of France (1461-1483). Louis XI enhanced his power by reducing that of his nobles, especially the dukes of Burgundy.
206
Nicholas II
(1868-1918): Czar of Russia (1894-1917); he continued the repressive measures of Alexander III.
207
Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630): German astronomer who perfected the Copernican system by arguing that the planets revolved around the Sun elliptically.
208
How did Watt perfect Newcomen's Steam engine?
By adding a condenser and a flywheel.
209
Raoul Wallenberg
(1912-c.1947): Swedish diplomat who saved 95,000 Jews by providing them with Swedish passports.
210
Adam Smith
(1723-1790): British political economist, author of "The Wealth of Nations" (1776), which argued against government interferences in natural economic processes.
211
Author and date: "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"
John Locke, 1690.
212
William Blake
(1757-1827): Visionary Romantic poet, critiqued industrial life.
213
Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895): French bacteriologist and professor of chemistry who first posited the idea of bacteria, microorganisms that grow in organic compounds and can
214
Author and date: The Advancement of Learning
Francis Bacon, 1605
215
Author and date: Metaphysics of Ethics.
Immanuel Kant, 1797.
216
Louis XVI
(1754-1793): King of France (1774-1793); he inherited massive debts and military defeat from Louis XV, to which his ministers responded with reform.
217
Franz-Josef
(1830-1916): Austrian emperor (1848-1916) and king of Hungary (1867-1916).
218
Composer and date: Magic Flute
Mozart, 1790-1791.
219
Composer and date: The Firebird
Igor Stravinsky, 1909-1910
220
Composer and Premier date: Otello
Verdi, 1887.
221
Elizabeth I
(1533-1603): Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603); she ruled successfully during a period of religious and political strife, establishing a compromise settlement for the Church of England.
222
Francis I
(1494-1547): King of France (1515-1547), he pursued a series of wars against England and the Holy Roman Empire. A great patron of the arts and letters who encouraged the Renaissance in France.
223
Author and date: Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes, 1651.
224
Author and date: On Representative Government
John Stuart Mill, 1861.
225
Josip Tito
(1892-1980): Yugoslavian soldier and statesman, president of Yugoslavia (1953-1980).
226
When did Jean-Paul Sartre refuse the Nobel Prize in Literature?
1964
227
Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769-1821): French general, consul of France (1799-1804), emperor (1804-1815).
228
Robert Koch
(1843-1910): German physician and bacteriologist, he was the first to isolate the bacilli for anthrax, tuberculosis, and Asiatic cholera; awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1905.
229
When was Lenin's economically and socially disastrous "war communism"?
1917-1921
230
James Watt
(1736-1819): Scottish engineer and inventor; he perfected the Newcomen steam engine.
231
Adolf Hitler
(1889-1945): Soldier, leader of the Nazi Party, German dictator (1933-1945), instigator of the Holocaust and World War II in Europe.
232
What was the relationship between Tito's regime and Moscow?
Tito's regime was independent of Moscow
233
Ignatius of Loyola
(1491-1556): Soldier, Roman Catholic clergyman, and saint.
234
Author and date: The Philosophical Inquiry into Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
Edmund Burke, 1756
235
Johannes Gutenberg
(?1400-1468): Generally acknowledged as the inventor of the printing press, his production of the first printed Bible is a landmark in the history of communications.
236
Author and date: On the Subjection of Women
John Stuart Mill, 1869.
237
David Hume
(1711-1776): A leading exponent of the Scottish Enlightnement.
238
Victor Emanuel II
(1820-1878): King of Piedmont-Sardinia (1849-1861), king of Italy (1861-1878).
239
Carlos II
(1661-1700): Last Habsburg king of Spain (1665-1700), he suffered from numerous physical infirmities.
240
What Tsar freed the serfs and when?
Alexander II in 1861
241
Author and date: War and Peace
Leo Tolstoy, 1865-1869.
242
Composer and premier date: Das Rheingold
Richard Wagner, September 22nd 1869
243
Woodrow Wilson
(1856-1924): President of the United States (1913-1921).
244
Emmeline Pankhurst
(1858-1928):British feminist. She advocated militancy, even violence, to achieve votes for women and was jailed repeatedly.
245
Author and date: Richard III
Shakespeare, 1593.
246
What was the main point of Montesqueiu's Spirit of the Laws?
The most effective forms of govenment divide power so that each branch balances the others.
247
Leopold II
(1835-1909): King of Belgium (1865-1909)
248
What group did Peter the Great suppress in 1698?
The Streltsy guard
249
Louis XIV
(1638-1715): King of France (1643-1715), known as the "Sun King."
250
Henry "the Navigator"
(1394-1460): Prince of Portugal who established a naval academy at Sagres that trained European explorers of Africa.
251
Author and date: Women's Paradise
Emile Zola, 1883
252
John Stuart Mill
(1806-1873): British philosopher and member of Parliament.
253
Describe Lenin's "New Economic Policy."
1921-1924, slowed collectivization and restrained international communism.
254
Author and date: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
David Hume, 1748
255
Thomas Stearns Eliot
(1888-1965): American-born, British-naturalized poet.
256
Composer and premier date: The Flying Dutchman
Richard Wagner, January 2nd, 1843
257
Martin Luther
(1483-1546): Augustinian priest and religious reformer; Luther was a professor at the University of Wittenberg when he wrote his 95 Theses against the sale of indulgences.
258
Phillip II
(1527-1598): King of Naples and Sicily (1554-1598) and Spain (1556-1598).
259
Benito Mussolini
(1883-1945): Italian fascist leader and dictator of Italy (1922-1943), one of Hitler's principle allies in WW II.
260
Author and date: both parts of Faust.
Johan Wolfgang von Goethe, 1808 and 1832.
261
Composer and date: Don Giovanni
Mozart, 1787
262
Author and date: Perpetual Peace.
Immanuel Kant, 1795.
263
When was Luther excommunicated?
1520
264
Author and date: Critique of Practical Reason
Immanuel Kant, 1788.
265
William Wordsworth
(1770-1850): British Romantic Poet, coauthor of the "Lyrical Ballads" (1798).
266
Henrik Ibsen
(1828-1906): Norwegian playwright, his works explore the psychological tensions and tragedies of everyday life.
267
Charles Montagu, later Earl and Marquis of Halifax
(1661-1715): Whig politician, chancellor of the exchequer under William III, and architect of the financial revolution, by which Britain creatively funded its national debt; he raised vast sums of money that paid for the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession.
268
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1756-1791): Austrian composer of the high classical period.
269
Charles VI
(1685-1740): Holy Roman Emperor (1711-1740) who in the War of the Spanish Succession sought to become king of Spain and thereby recreate the empire of Charles V.
270
Where and when was Ignatius Loyola wounded as young man?
The siege of Pamplona in 1521
271
When did Philip II try to impose the inquisition on the Netherlands, leading to the Dutch revolt?
1567
272
Author and date: Germinal
Emile Zola, 1885
273
Author and date: Nana
Emile Zola, 1880
274
William Pitt the Elder
(1708-1778): British statesman, prime minister (1756-1761, 1766-1768); effective war minister during the Seven Years' War; opponent of the attempt to tax the American colonies. From 1766 the Earl of Chatham.
275
Composer and premier date: La Traviata
Verdi, 1853.
276
Catherine the Great
(1729-1796): Czar of Russia from 1762-1796, she embraced reform early in her reign, but following Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-1774), she strengthened the power of landowners over their serfs.
277
William Shakespeare
(1564-1616): English playwright, author of, among many great works.
278
When did Philip II support the Catholic League against Henry IV of France?
1580
279
Friedrich Nietzsche
(1844-1900): German philosopher; posited the notion that God is dead as a meaningful philosophical concept and that true action is only possible by a Superman above traditional moral laws.
280
What two organizationd did Emmeline Pankhurst help found?
Women's Franchise League (1889) and Women's Social and Political Union (1903).
281
Christopher Columbus
(1451-1506): Italian explorer in the service of Spain who made the European discovery of the New World in October 1492. Made three subsequent voyages to the Americas.
282
David Ricardo
(1772-1823): British political economist, formulator of the "Iron Law of Wages."
283
What was the Fronde?
The last major revolt against Frnech absolutism before the Revolution. 1649-1652.
284
Count Camillo di Cavour
(1810-1861): Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia and architect of its modernization and, therefore, of the unification of Italy
285
Author and date: Thus Spake Zarathustra
Friedrich Nietzche, 1883-1885.
286
In what work did David Ricardo formulate his Iron Law of Wages?
Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817.
287
Thomas Jefferson
(1743-1826): Landowner, statesman, president of the United States (1801-1809).
288
Josef Goebbels
(1897-1945): Nazi propaganda minister.
289
How did Csar Nicholas I respond the Decembrist uprising of 1825?
Formed the Third Section within the imperial chancery which functioned as a secret police.
290
Author and Date: Christianity Not Mysterious
John Toland, 1696
291
Author and date: The Death of Ivan Ilyich.
Leo Tolstoy, 1888.
292
Author and date: Anna Karenina
Leo Tolstoy, 1875-1877.
293
Which Austrian emperor put down the Revolution of 1848 and supressed an Italian nationalist movement in 1849?
Franz-Josef
294
How did Carlos II help cause the War of the Spanish Succession?
By offering the entire Spanish Empire to Louis Phillipe, Duke of Anjou
295
Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte)'s dates
(1808-1873): President of France (1848-1852), emperor of France (1852-1870).
296
What was the Diet of Worms?
Imperial Diet of 1521 in which Luther refused to recant
297
Georges Clemenceau
(1841-1929): Prime minister of France (1917-1920) who pressed tirelessly for victory over Germany in WW I and rejected moderate treatment of Germany after the war ended.
298
Johan Wolfgang von Goethe
(1749-1832): Author, one of the seminal figures in the birth of German Romanticism.
299
Author and date: On the Geneaology of Morals
Friedrich Nietzche, 1887.
300
Composer and premier date: Tanhauser
Richard Wagner, October 19th, 1845
301
Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679): English philosopher.
302
Richard Wagner
(1813-1883): German composer of vast, psychologically complex operas.
303
William III, of Orange
(1650-1702): Stadholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1702; in co-rule with Mary II during 1689-1694).
304
Denis Diderot
(1713-1784): French philosophe, compiler of the Encyclopedia (1751-1766).
305
Author and date: King Lear
1606.
306
Author and date: Finnegan's Wake
James Joyce, 1928-1937.
307
Igor Stravinsky
(1882-1970): Russian composer.
308
Vincent Van Gogh
(1853-1890): Dutch painter whose innovative work reveals deep personal psychological struggle, even in torment.
309
Oliver Cromwell
(1599-1658): Puritan gentleman who became the most successful general of the British Civil Wars, then Lord Protector of England (1653-1658).
310
Charles II
(1630-1685): King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685); he pursued some elements of absolutism but never single mindedly.
