Biol 1002 Pomarico Exam 2

Question 1

The Kingdom Fungi consists of organisms that are…

Answer 1

Eukaryotic, mainly multicellular and heterotrophic decomposers (by absorption).

Question 2

Eukaryotic, mainly multicellular and heterotrophic decomposers (by absorption).

Answer 2

Mycelium, hyphae, septa, chitin and spores.

Question 3

Mycelium

Answer 3

The feeding network of a fungus, which is usually underground or within the surface of a decaying organism. It is composed of a woven mesh of hyphae.

Question 4

Hyphae

Answer 4

The threadlike filaments of a fungus. These filaments are the building structure of the mycelium. They consist of a tubular cell wall containing chitin surrounding a plasma membrane and cytoplasm.

Question 5

Chitin

Answer 5

A structural polysaccharide of modified sugars.

Question 6

Septa

Answer 6

Structures of a dikaryotic fungi that partially separate the cytoplasm inside the hyphae. This separation is incomplete so that the cytoplasm distribute nutrients but keep the nuclei apart.

Question 7

Spores

Answer 7

Haploid cells, which can grow directly into a hyphae.

Question 8

Chytrids (Division Chytridiomycota)

Answer 8

Have a aquatic life-cycle; no septa present; characterized by swimming flagellated spores; is usually linked to parasitic infection of amphibians

Question 9

Zygote fungi (Division Zygomycota)

Answer 9

Named for the zygospore, which has a thick cell wall and produced from the fusion of two different haploid mating types; no septa present; usually only goes through asexual reproduction, involving haploid spores which grow directly into sporangia

ex: Black bread mold and dung fungus

Question 10

Mycorrhizae fungi (Division Glomeromycota)

Answer 10

Live in intimate contact with the roots of plants; no septa present; hyphae surround and penetrate root cells of plants, which forms an beneficial interaction called a mycorrhiza

Question 11

Club fungi (Division Basidiomycota)

Answer 11

Named for the “club” shaped, reproductive structure called a basidia, which produces basidiospores; usually reproduce sexually; septa present; have very large mycelium, which produces a fairy ring

ex: common mushrooms and relatives, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts and smuts

Question 12

Sac fungi (Division Ascomycota)

Answer 12

Named for the sac (aka ascus), which contains several haploid spores; sexual and asexual; septa present

ex: penicillin fungus, most yeast (good and bad) athlete’s foot fungus, Jock itch, powder mildew of rye (LSD), Dutch Elm disease, Blue cheese fungus and truffles

Question 13

Saprobes

Answer 13

Decomposers of dead material (most fungi fall into this group)

Question 14

Lichens

Answer 14

A symbiotic relationship between a fungal species and either a cyanobacteria or a unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotics; often found growing on bare rock or dead wood; one of the first organisms to appear in the primary succession of a communtiy

Question 15

Mycorrhizae

Answer 15

A symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of a plant; helps send the plant water, minerals and nutrients (especially phosphorus containing compounds) in exchange for some sugars that the plant produces

Question 16

The Kingdom Animalia consists of organisms that are…

Answer 16

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic (ingestion), reproduce sexually, have no cell wall, have rapid response to stimuli, goes through embryonic development and aerobic

Question 17

The organisms of the Kingdom Animalia were thought have have evolved from…

Answer 17

Animal-like protists and developed more complex and organized bodies

Question 18

Some of the increases in complexity and organization of organisms in the Kingdom Animalia were…

Answer 18

Cellular specialization, body plan, segmentation and digestive system

Question 19

Cephalization

Answer 19

A body plan where there is a concentration of nervous tissue (including a “brain” and sensory organs) in a defined region

Question 20

Segmentation

Answer 20

A body design in which similar repeating units are present

Question 21

Cellular specialization

Answer 21

Leads to the development of tissues, which then can lead to the combination of tissues into an organ and then organ systems

Question 22

Tissue

Answer 22

Specialized cells with a common structure and function that are grouped together or non-cellular components made by cells (ex: bone)

Question 23

Organs

Answer 23

Centers of bodily function, which are made up of different tissues

Question 24

Organ systems

Answer 24

Are groups of two or more organs that function together to perform a common task

Question 25

What is the defining feature that first separated the Kingdom Animalia?

Answer 25

The presence/absence of tissues in an organism

Question 26

Sponges (Phylum Porifera)

Answer 26

Non-moving (Sessile); filter feeders; reproduces sexually or asexually by budding and fragmentation; lack tissue structures

Question 27

What are the three types of specialized cells found in the sponge phylum?

Answer 27

Epithelial cells, collar cells and amoeboid cells

Question 28

Epithelial cells (of sponges)

Answer 28

The outer layer of the sponge, which acts like a skin. Makes up and regulates pores.

Question 29

Collar cells

Answer 29

The inner layer of the of sponge, which pumps water through the sponge using flagella and filters out the food.

Question 30

Amoeboid cells

Answer 30

Mobile cells between the two layers that ingest the collected food. Responsible from the reproduction of the sponge and secretes hard mineral needle-like structures called spicules and skeletal fibers made of protein called spongin.

Question 31

Spicules

Answer 31

The skeletal structural of the sponge.

Question 32

The lack of tissues in sponges results in...

Answer 32

An asymmetrical body plan.

Question 33

For an organism to have symmetry indicates...

Answer 33

That a geometric plane could be drawn through an organism such that the halves of the organism are "mirror" images of each other.

Question 34

What are the two types of symmetry seen in organisms?

Answer 34

Radial and bilateral symmetry.

Question 35

Hydra, Corals, Anemones and Jellyfish (Phylum Cnidaria)

Answer 35

Mostly marine; tissue present (including a nerve net); reproduce sexually or asexually ; have embryonic development which includes germ layers

Question 36

Germ layers

Answer 36

The layers of cells in the early embryo that lead to all tissues and organs

Question 37

Diploblastic

Answer 37

Two germ layers

Question 38

Triploblastic

Answer 38

Three germ layers

Question 39

The possible types of germ layers...

Answer 39

Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

Question 40

Endoderm

Answer 40

Germ layer that develop into the interior lining of the organs

Question 41

Mesoderm

Answer 41

Germ layer that develop into the muscle, skeleton and circulatory system

Question 42

Ectoderm

Answer 42

Germ layer that develop into the outer coverings

Question 43

Organisms of the Phylum Cnidaria have missing mesoderm meaning that they are...

Answer 43

Diploblastic

Question 44

Between the outer layer and the inner layer of the Cnidarian organisms is...

Answer 44

The mesoglia

Question 45

Mesoglia

Answer 45

The hydro-static skeleton of the Cnidarian organisms

Question 46

Cnidarian organisms have sac-like body with a...

Answer 46

Gastrovascular cavity

Question 47

What are the two body types that reside in the Phylum Cnidaria?

Answer 47

Polyp and medusa

Question 48

Comb jellies are part of the Phylum...

Answer 48

Ctenophora

Question 49

Other than the Phylum Cnidaria and (maybe Ctenophora), all the remaining phyla in the Kingdom Animalia have...

Answer 49

Bilateral symmetry and three germ layers

Question 50

Some species (Sea Urchins and Starfish) are unique because...

Answer 50

They have radial symmetry as adults but have bilateral symmetry in their larval stages.

Question 51

With bilateral symmetry, comes...

Answer 51

Cephalization

Question 52

The corresponding developmental differences between protostomes and deutrostomes:

Answer 52

Spiral/determinate cleavage (protostomes) and radial/indeterminate cleavage (deutrostomes). The four cells of an early protostome embryo undergo cleavage which is oblique to the original body axis. On the other hand, early deutrostome embryo undergo cleavage which is parallel with and perpendicular to the body axis.

Question 53

Totipotency

Answer 53

The ability of cells, typically embryonic cells, to differentiate into any type of body cell. note: Protostromes lose this ability by the four cell stage, while deutrostomes retain this ability even after the four cell stage.

Question 54

The two branches of the Protostomes of the Animal Kingdom:

Answer 54

Ecdysozoans and Lophotrochozoans

Question 55

The group Ecdysozoans and Lophotrochozoans are separated based on...

Answer 55

Specialized anatomy and molecular data (mostly 18S rDNA sequences)

Question 56

Within the Lophotrochozoans are 3 major phyla:

Answer 56

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms), Annelida (Annelids/Segmented Worms) and Mollusca (Mollusks)

Question 57

Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)

Answer 57

Bilateral symmetry; has some type of coelom; concentration of ganglia and sensory organs in the head of the non-parasitic species; organized tissues; one-way digestive system, where food enters through the pharynx and waste leaves through specialized excretory cells (flame cells); free-living and parasitic ex: tapeworms, hookworms and liverflukes (these are all parasitic organisms)

Question 58

Coelom

Answer 58

A body cavity that is between the digestive system and the body wall

Question 59

A body cavity that is between the digestive system and the body wall