Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 102 > BIOL 102 > Flashcards

BIOL 102 Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What did Darwin and Wallace hypothesize?

A

Species evolve due to changes in a population from one generation to the next (shared ancestry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to measure survival of the fittest?

A

number of mates, number of offspring, number of grandchildren

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are adaptations

A

anatomical, physiological, or behavioral traits that are inheritable, increase an individuals survival/reproduction to its environment, is functional, variations of population, and increases fittness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Natural selection

A

process by which certain inherited traits make it easier for some individuals to survive/reproduction by changing the genetic makeup of population overtime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evolution

A

genetic makeup of a population that changes overtime, sometimes resulting in the adaptations to new environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Homologous traits

A

traits similar across species because their common ancestor passed down those traits to its descendants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

transitional features

A

are intermediate traits that are present in extinct species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pedigrees

A

track inheritance of a trait across generations and make predicitons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

carrier

A

an individual who has one copy of the allele but is not expressed phenotypically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

express the trait

A

shown phenotypically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

recessive or dominant in pedigree?

A

recessive often skip a generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chiasmata is…

A

formed between homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

autosomal

A

neither male of female; only 1 pair of sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

X-linked inheritance?

A

only effects the X in males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

co-dominant

A

Fully expressed in different parts (patches of black, patches of white on a cow) use all capital letters (3 phenotypes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

incomplete dominance

A

red, white create pink (3 phenotypes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Y-linked ?

A

biological males have only 1 Y chromosome- 1 allele; males only pass down their Y-linked traits to their songs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mutations….

A

introduce permanent changes to an individual’s genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

deleterious mutation

A

harmful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neutral mutations

A

dont really know they are there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

advantageous mutation

A

helps one survive and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium means no what?

A

no evolution is occuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

5 assumptions of HW E?

A
  1. no natural selection
  2. no migration
  3. no genetic drift
  4. no mutations
  5. random mating
  6. large populations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gene pool?

A

double the amount of alleles (150—-300)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
allele frequencies
f(a)= f(A)= p+q=1
26
genotype frequencies
p2+2pq+q2=1
27
p2
frequency of AA
28
q2
frequency of aa
29
2pq
frequency of Aa
30
fixed allele
not equal to 1 or 100%
31
particulate inheritance
hereditary determinants (genes) of a trait maintain their integrity from parents to their offspring
32
Alleles
an individual has 2 particles of a trait, one inherited by each mom and dad
33
genotype
combination of alleles (AA, Aa, aa)
34
phenotype
physical characteristics shown
35
homozygous
AA or aa
36
heterozygous
Aa
37
hetero x homo dominant
Aa x AA
38
hetero x homo recessive
Aa x aa
39
alleles segregate
a parent passes down one allele to an offspring at random (50/50)
40
genes assort independently
traits are often inherited independently from other traits
41
do both parents contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring?
yes
42
vestigial traits are common
such a wisdom teeth
43
Clarifications about evolution via natural selection
1. populations evolve and adapt overtime 2. small differences from one generation to the next accumulate as more time passes 3. natural selection is not random 4. natural selection is not goal-driven and does not result in perfection 5. species that have more traits in common are more likely to be related to one other than to other species 6. we look for transitional features present in extinct species
44
Mendel was interested in?
how traits are passed down from parents to offspring
45
what were mendel's hypotheses
1. blending inheritance- offspring are perfect mix of their two biological parents 2. acquired characteristics- are passed down
46
conclusions of mendel-
1. genes passed down from parent to offspring 2. both parents contribute equally to the genotype offspring 3. some alleles are dominant in expression to others
47
what did mendel observe?
see color/shape pod color/shape plant height flower shape/color
48
did mendel hypotheses work?
no they didnt
49
what book did darwin write
on the origin of species
50
what did darwin book do
species showed evident from "descent with modification" from common ancestors; natural selection is a mechanism behind descent with modification
51
darwin saw what
how individuals were suited for environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
52
what is directional selection?
one survives better than the other expected: AA= 0.25 Aa=0.50 aa= 0.25 observed: AA- 0.35 Aa- 0.45 aa- 0.10 change was in the homo dominant better survival
53
Stabilizing selection (best of natural selection)
Expected: AA-0.25 Aa- 0.50 aa-0.25 observed: AA-0.20 Aa-0.65----- better survival with the heterozygous aa-0.15 low variation in population average phenotype the average might not change
54
disruptive selection
acts against the average phenotype, high variations expected: AA- 0.25 AB-0.50 BB- 0.25 observed: AA- 0.35 increase AB- 0.30 lower BB- 0.35 increase
55
recombination is the mixing of alleles
Fb; fB
56
somatic mutations
cell in body; cant be passed on (cancer)
57
germ-line mutations
cells and plants; can be passed on to offspring
58
alleles...
different forms of genes and different genetic sequence
59
genotypes
genetic makeup of a gene
60
phenotype
display the physical characteristics and can be influenced by genotypes and environment
61
Artificial selection
the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations

BIOL 102 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions