BIOL

Question 1

hypothesis

Answer 1

a statement about nature that can be tested by experiments or by new observations

Question 2

controlled experiment

Answer 2

researcher sets up several groups to be tested, keeping the conditions and set up as similar as possible from one group to the next

Question 3

variable

Answer 3

the feature of an experiment that is changed by the experimenter from one treatment to the next

Question 4

test group

Answer 4

the experimenter group that is exposed to the variable in an experiment

Question 5

control group

Answer 5

the group that is NOT exposed to the variable

Question 6

scientific method

Answer 6

using observations to generate a hypothesis and then making predictions based on that hypothesis

Question 7

scientific inquiry

Answer 7

a deliberate, systematic, careful, and unbiased way of learning about the natural world around us

Question 8

theory

Answer 8

a general explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many experiments and observations

Question 9

1st step to research

Answer 9

observations, prior knowledge, article reviews

Question 10

2nd step

Answer 10

creating a hypothesis and predictions

Question 11

research hypothesis Ha-

Answer 11

a plausible and testable general explanation for a phenomena

Question 12

null hypothesis

Answer 12

Ho- no change

Question 13

predictions

Answer 13

specific outcomes for the particular experiment/ observations designed to the Ha

Question 14

3rd step

Answer 14

design a study (experimental, observational, meta-analysis, model)

location, species, treatments, control, replicates, variables

Question 15

4th step part 1

Answer 15

collecting data

Question 16

4th step part 2

Answer 16

quantifying the data

Question 17

4th step part 3

Answer 17

statistical analysis

Question 18

4th step part 4

Answer 18

draw ideas from the analysis

Question 19

5th step

Answer 19

drawing an evidence based conclusion from the data

Question 20

final step

Answer 20

share/communicate findings

Question 21

evolution

Answer 21

changes in the genetic makeup of populations overtime, sometime resulting in adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species

Question 22

variation categories:

Answer 22

environmental: due to the differences in the environment
genetic: differences in genotype among individuals in a population

Question 23

what do experiments do?

Answer 23

helps in laboratory evolution understand how life works and they have an immensely important practical side

Question 24

fossils provide….

Answer 24

strong complementary insights into evolutionary history

Question 25

3 things that fossils do:

Answer 25

1. fossils enable us to calibrate phylogenies in terms of time 2. provide our only record of distinct species 3. they place evolutionary events within the context of Earth's dynamic environment history

Question 26

what are fossils?

Answer 26

remains of once-living organisms preserved through time in sedimentary rock

Question 27

fossils give us..

Answer 27

provide us direct documentation of ancient life

Question 28

fossilization requires....

Answer 28

burial (accumulation of sediments from sand or mud on soil harden in sedimentary rocks)

Question 29

What properties will determine the probability that an ancient species will be part of the fossil record?

Answer 29

properties of organisms and environment

Question 30

trace fossils

Answer 30

tracks and trails left by animal as it moves or burrows into sediments

Question 31

molecular fossils

Answer 31

sterols, bacterial lipids, some pigment molecules, which are relatively resistant to decomposition

Question 32

what did darwin and wallace hypothesize?

Answer 32

that species evolve due to the changes in population from one generation to the next (concept of shared ancestry)

Question 33

darwin observed:

Answer 33

diversity of life, similar/differences between species, similar/differences between habitats

Question 34

artificial selection:

Answer 34

humans decide who survive and reproduce and who doesnt

Question 35

key impacts of natural selection:

Answer 35

concept of shared ancestry between species focus on populations changing provides mechanisms by which change occurs can apply theory to make and test scientific predictions

Question 36

adaptations:

Answer 36

anatomical, physiological, or behavior tratits that are hereditary, increase survival and reproduction, is functional, increases fitness and the population has a variation.

Question 37

analogous traits

Answer 37

similar traits, face similar obstacles

Question 38

vestigal traits

Answer 38

apendex in humans

Question 39

conclusions from mendel:

Answer 39

genes are passed down from parent to offspring alleles segregate- parents passes 1 allele to offspring at random within a single individual, alleles of a gene occur in pairs both parents contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring some alleles are dominant in expression to others

Question 40

central dogma of biology

Answer 40

explains the flow of genetic information within a biological system

Question 41

somatic mutations

Answer 41

body tissue nonreproductive cells (cancer) cant be passed down

Question 42

germ-line mutations

Answer 42

reproductive cells; can be passed down

Question 43

mutations occurs....

Answer 43

throughout the genome randomly

Question 44

deleterious

Answer 44

harmful

Question 45

advantageous

Answer 45

beneficial; improve their carriers chances of survival or reproductions

Question 46

mutations

Answer 46

sources of genetic variation

Question 47

allele frequencies give us

Answer 47

information about genetic variation

Question 48

assumptions of HW E?

Answer 48

1. no natural selection 2. large population 3. no migration 4. no mutations 5. random mating 6. no genetic drift

Question 49

population in the HW e?

Answer 49

all alleles are equal

Question 50

proportion recessive phenotype is always ________

Answer 50

q2

Question 51

p is always proportion of ________ in gene pool

Answer 51

dominant

Question 52

q is always proportion of ________ in gene pool

Answer 52

recessive

Question 53

p+q is always equal to _____

Answer 53

1

Question 54

sum of all genotypes is equal to ______

Answer 54

1

Question 55

directional selection

Answer 55

one survives better than the other expected: AA-0.25 Aa- 0.50 aa-0.25 observed: AA- 0.35 Aa- 0.45 aa- 0.10 change in AA gets better has has better survival

Question 56

stabilizing selection (best for natural selection)

Answer 56

decrease in variation in population average phenotype expected: AA-0.25 Aa- 0.50 aa-0.25 observed: AA-0.20 Aa- 0.65 aa- 0.15 Aa hetero has better survival

Question 57

disruptive selection

Answer 57

acts against the average phenotype; more homo individuals than hetero expected: AA-0.25 AB-0.50 BB- 0.25 Observed: AA-0.35 AB-0.30 BB- 0.35 against the hetero decreases