BIOL 113 Exam 1

Question 1

What is retraction?

Answer 1

When a journal pulls a previously published paper because new information has shown the paper has incorrect information

Question 2

Your cousin wants some company at her appointment at the acupuncture
office. While sitting in the waiting room, you read the following in a pamphlet
regarding acupuncture:
Acupuncture restores your Chi Life Energy, unblocking your meridians, and
healing illness and disease.
Mayo Clinic, Web MD and Medical News Today all agree that acupuncture
can reduce pain caused by a variety of illnesses.
You wonder about how acupuncture works and since you don’t see any
primary literature listed in the pamphlet you ask the acupuncturist about it
when your cousin is finished with the session. The acupuncturist says patients
report experiencing a reduction in pain following acupuncture sessions. After
this dual experience (pamphlet + conversation), you are skeptical of
acupuncture as a medical treatment because
a) Mechanism has not been explained
b) There are no sources given
c) There is no evidence given
Evaluate the following claim:
Choose all that apply

Answer 2

A & C - No mechanism is explained, additionally, evidence is not given in a quantifiable, consistent manner

Question 3

On February 1, 2019, NPR reported that a scientist at
Columbia University was using new DNA-editing technology
to repair mutations in human embryos to prevent genetic
diseases such as Tay Sachs and Cystic Fibrosis from being
passed from one generation to the next. The scientist used
a procedure first developed by another group of scientists
at a university in Oregon. This demonstrates which strength
of science?

a) Peer review during publication
b) Scientists use each other’s work
c) Testing falsifiable hypothesis
d) Strict methodology

Answer 3

b) Scientists use each other’s work

Question 4

The process of Hydroxychloroquine research (just
described) demonstrates which strength of science?
a) Scientists design experiments that can falsify their
hypothesis.
b) Conclusions change based on new evidence.
c) Peer review during publication.
d) Science is objective

Answer 4

b) Conclusions change based on new evidence.

Question 5

What is belief perseverance?

Answer 5

The tendency to cling to untrue/initial beliefs when faced with conflicting evidence

Question 6

Bella Water, PHD & MD, is a medical scientist who specializes in
brain disorders. She has 25 years of accumulated knowledge about
which treatments work best for brain disorders. Her patient, Steve,
suffers from frequent seizures. At his appointment, Bella talks to
Steve about a new medication that has been demonstrated in
multiple studies to greatly reduce seizures. Steve is skeptical. He
read online that taking large doses of vitamin B1 can reduce seizures
and he insists on trying that course of treatment instead. Bella knows
that there is no scientific evidence that shows that vitamin B1 works.
Using which approach will give Bella the best chance of convincing
Steve to try the new medication?
a) Hand Steve the published scientific papers about the new drug
and point out the figures that show it reduces seizures.
b) Listen carefully to Steve. Validate his feelings. Then, describe
what can happen if he does not take the new medication.

Answer 6

b) Listen carefully to Steve. Validate his feelings. Then, describe
what can happen if he does not take the new medication.

Question 7

Binary pair of hypothesis

Answer 7

either the hypothesis (A affects B) and/or the null (A does not affect B) –> only two options

Question 8

Is it true that CBD reduces
swelling? Write a pair of hypothesis

Answer 8

H: CBD reduces swelling
N: CBD does not reduce swelling

Question 9

Prediction

Answer 9

what we expect to measure if the hypothesis is correct - there can be more than one

Question 10

What 3 things make a prediction robust?

Answer 10

Measure, dosage, duration

Question 11

If the hypothesis is (accepted as) correct, is the null
a) rejected
b) failed to be rejected

Answer 11

a) rejected

Question 12

After pondering the CBD display for several moments, you pick up a
bottle of CBD oil that, among other things, claims to boost immunity.
You are interested in taking this product, but you initially regard the
claims on the label with some skepticism. You decide to do your own
research to see if there is good reason to believe that ingesting CBD oil
regularly will reduce illness. Which source is most likely to contain the
most accurate information?
a) Peer reviewed scientific journal articles.
b) Blogs that collect anecdotal (informal) experiences from readers.
c) Studies published by the CBD company on their website.
This means-linking
several lectures

Answer 12

a) Peer reviewed scientific journal articles.

Question 13

You remain interested in using a scientific approach to quantify CBD’s effects on
human health. Since you are an undergraduate research assistant you have access to
a mouse lab to conduct research. Which of the following are predictions that could
be made from the hypothesis that consuming CBD oil will boost immunity? (Choose
all that apply)
a) Ingesting CBD oil regularly for 1 year will reduce the number of cold and flu
diagnoses.
b) Administering 2 mL of CBD oil sublingually (under tongue) once daily for one year
will significantly reduce the number cold and flu diagnoses in mice.
c) Administering 2 mL of CBD oil sublingually (under tongue) once daily for one year
will significantly increase the percent of white blood cells (immune cells) in the
blood in mice.

Answer 13

b and c

(A doesn’t have required features)

Question 14

You randomly select 10 mice to be in your experimental group and 10
to be in your negative control group. The mice are kept in identical
cages and given the exact same amount of food and water daily. The
experimental mice are also given 2 mL of CBD oil under the tongue
from the same jar every morning at 8am for a year.

What is the most scientifically robust procedure for the negative control
mice?

Answer 14

Give mice a placebo oil at the same time and in the same dosage daily

Question 15

A neurologist hypothesizes that a compound from a rainforest tree can reduce
seizures in epileptic humans. First, she collects samples from trees in the same
acre of land in the Columbian rainforest. She brings these samples back to her
lab and isolates the compound of interest. She inserts 100mg of the compound
into a gelatin capsules thus creating her experimental drug. Next, she develops
her experimental methodology. Her experimental group is composed of 200
epileptic women aged 25-50. These patients ingest the 100 mg experimental
drug twice per day for 6 months. Her negative control group is also composed
of 200 epileptic women aged 25-50. Which of the following is the most robust
protocol for the negative control group to follow for 6 months?
a) Ingest the 100 mg experimental drug twice per day.
b) Ingest a gelatin capsule without the compound twice per day.
c) Ingest another drug which is already known to reduce the instances of
seizures twice per day.
d) Ingest nothing; no herbs, vitamins or drugs.

Answer 15

b) Ingest a gelatin capsule without the compound twice per day.

Question 16

X/ is a symbol which means sample mean. Scientists try to design experiments such that
X/ = m or X/ =/= m

Answer 16

X/ = m

Question 17

What do we want the sample to represent?

Answer 17

The entire population

Question 18

In a narrower range, a larger/smaller sample size is more sufficient (compared to a broader range) to capture full variation

Answer 18

smaller

Question 19

Standard deviation

Answer 19

range of the data - how close the majority of the population sits to the mean

Question 20

Standard error

Answer 20

how sample size relates to SD - Low SE indicates SS was sufficient (capture full variability and range of measurments)

Question 21

what does an increasing number of asterisks represent?

Answer 21

greater # asterisks = greater statistical significance

Question 22

scientific theory

Answer 22

hypothesis that provides a framework
which explains a widespread phenomenon has
been tested many times,
and in all those times the null
hypothesis was rejected

Question 23

natural selection

Answer 23

the process by which species change over time

Question 24

four requirements for evolution by natural selection

Answer 24

1. variation
2. heritability/genetics
3. differential survival
4. differential reproduction

Question 25

There are 4 sentences in the description below. Match each sentence with the requirement of evolution that it corresponds to: Many toads live in a swamp with a deadly virus and some toads can get infected by the virus, but others are immune. Immunity is conferred by a specific gene. Toads that are immune to the virus survive. Only the surviving toads in the swamp can mate.

Answer 25

Variation - some toads can get infected by the virus, but others are immune Heritability - Immunity is conferred by a specific gene Differential Survival - Toads that are immune to the virus survive Differential Reproduction- Only the surviving toads in the swamp can mate

Question 26

An isolated population of blacktip reef sharks has longer than average teeth. As a result, they can eat more fish with less effort and are better able to survive. The original single genetic mutation that conferred longer teeth: (select all) a) Occurred because the blacktip reef sharks wanted to be more efficient at eating fish due to climate change. b) Would only occur in sharks that eat fish and would not occur in sharks that eat plankton. c) Happened by chance.

Answer 26

C

Question 27

The population evolving such that most individuals have longer teeth due to inheriting the mutation: (select all) a) Occurred because the blacktip reef sharks wanted to be more efficient at eating fish due to climate change. b) Would only occur in sharks that eat fish and would not occur in sharks that eat plankton c) Happened by chance.

Answer 27

B & C

Question 28

phospholipids

Answer 28

non-polar lipids that form a bilayer in water - the hydrophilic heads interact with each other and outside water, while hydrophobic tails face internally

Question 29

saturated lipid

Answer 29

hydrocarbon chain consists of only single bonds between the carbons

Question 30

unsaturated lipid

Answer 30

hydrocarbon chains have one or more double bonds - kinked structure for higher permeability because they are unable to pack as close

Question 31

Would you expect a fly that lives in Antarctica to have more saturated or unsaturated phospholipids in their cell membranes compared to a fly that lives in the hot desert? a. Fly that lives in the arctic would have more unsaturated phospholipids. b. Fly that lives in the arctic would have more saturated phospholipids.

Answer 31

A - Unsaturated phospholipids, with their kinks introduced by double bonds, help maintain membrane fluidity in colder conditions

Question 32

Which fly (Antartica or Desert described in previous question) would have cell membranes with increased permeability to Co2? a. Antarctica b. Dessert c. Neither. Permeability to Co2 would be about the same.

Answer 32

C - The permeability of a cell membrane to gases like CO2 is primarily determined by the physical properties of the lipid bilayer itself, and it is not significantly affected by the degree of lipid saturation in the membrane. Both saturated and unsaturated lipids allow gases like CO2 to diffuse through the lipid bilayer relatively easily.

Question 33

Permeability of the cell membrane of the cells that make up the leg muscles of a tropical beetle to glucose. Permeability of the cell membrane of the cells that make up the leg muscles of a arctic tundra beetle to H2O. > < ~=

Answer 33

< bc nothing matters because glucose can never penetrate the cell membrane on its own

Question 34

Which types of molecules can always get through the cell membrane on their own? a) Small nonpolar (ex. CO2) b) Large nonpolar c) Small polar d) Large polar (ex. Glucose) e) Ions

Answer 34

a) ALWAYS - get through on their own travel through simple diffusion

Question 35

simple diffusion

Answer 35

diffuse directly thru the cell membrane on their own down the concentration gradient (high to low)

Question 36

facilitated diffusion

Answer 36

uses protein channel to diffuse thru cell member down concentration gradient (high to low) doesn't use energy

Question 37

active transport

Answer 37

move thru the membrane AGAINST their gradient (low to high) via a protein channel and uses energy

Question 38

1. Simple Diffusion 2. Facilitated Diffusion 3. Active Transport a) K+ moving from a high concentration outside of a neuron to a lower concentration inside a neuron. b) Na+ moving from a low concentration inside of a neuron to a higher concentration outside of a neuron. c) Oxygen moving from the blood into muscle tissue cells.

Answer 38

1 - C (O2 is small nonpolar therefore can move freely btwn) 2 - A (Ions need a channel to travel thru) 3 - B

Question 39

The concentration of Ca+ in a cell is higher inside than outside the cell. 1. Only considering this, where will water move? a) Inside the cell b) Outside the cell Then, the Ca+ moves through a transport protein from inside to outside the cell. 2. Including this new information, where will water move? b) Inside the cell c) Outside the cell

Answer 39

1) - a 2) - c

Question 40

Two rules of water movement

Answer 40

- water moves to an area of higher [solute] - osmosis - water follows solute movement

Question 41

There is a higher concentration of Na+ inside a cell than outside the cell. Therefore, a) The inside of the cell is hypertonic compared to the outside b) The outside of the cell is hypotonic compared to the inside c) A & B

Answer 41

A & B

Question 42

Marine bony fish keep the osmolarity of their tissues lower than that of seawater. Seawater is ____________ to the tissues of marine bony fish. a) Hyperosmotic b) Hypoosmotic c) Iso-osmotic So water will tend to flow by osmosis ________ the gill tissue. d) Into e) Out of

Answer 42

a) e)

Question 43

primary active transport

Answer 43

protein pump moves ions against their concentration gradient, uses ATP

Question 44

secondary active transport

Answer 44

symporter cotransporter transport protein uses the energy released by a solute moving down its concentration and chemical gradient to power other solutes in the same cotransporter

Question 45

Salt excretion via the rectal gland in sharks: The Na+/K+ pump uses ATP to pump Na into the interstitial fluid. 1. What kind of transport is this? 2. Is there more Na+ in the cell or in the interstitial fluid? 3. Where is there a more positive charge?

Answer 45

1. Primary 2. Interstitial fluid 3. Intersitial fluid

Question 46

Next, Na+ re-enters the cell along its concentration gradient via a membrane protein (cotransporter). The energy that is released by the movement of Na+ allows Cl- and K+ to also move through the same cotransporter against their gradients. What kind of transport is this?

Answer 46

Secondary

Question 47

A population of hammerhead sharks often swim in shallow water, close to the shoreline. A new factory is built close by and pollution containing molecules that block the Na+/K+ pump are emitted into the hammerhead’s habitat. Will secondary active transport still occur? Will Cl- exit the rectal gland and enter the environment? Select all that apply. I. Secondary active transport will still occur. II. Secondary active transport will not occur. III. Cl- will diffuse into the environment. IV. Cl- will not diffuse into the environment.

Answer 47

II - no energy from the primary transport to move the Cl- IV - no buildup of Cl- to cause simple diffusion

Question 48

Normally, the chloride protein channel facilitates the movement of chloride ions through the cell membrane down their concentration gradient. What kind of membrane transport is this? a) Simple diffusion b) Facilitated diffusion c) Active transport

Answer 48

B

Question 49

Defective chloride channel protein. Chloride ions cannot get from the inside of the lung cells to the outside of the lung cells. Lacks thin layer of water lining the lungs. Instead, thick & sticky mucous lines the lungs and digestive organs.? How does the defective chloride channel cause thick sticky mucus? a) Without chloride moving out the cell, water doesn’t move out of the cell too. b) Without chloride moving out the cell, water doesn’t move into the cell. c) The sticky mucous prevents the water from moving into the cell. d) The sticky mucous prevents the chloride from moving out of the cell.

Answer 49

a)

Question 50

A Cl-pump is embedded in the cell membrane kidney cells. It uses ATP to pump Cl- out of the kidney cell and into the interstitial fluid. Also embedded in the cell membrane of kidney cells is the K+ channel. It uses facilitated diffusion to move K+ into and out of the cell. A scientist creates an artificial cell with both the Cl- and K+ transport proteins and aquaporins embedded in the cell membrane. Inside the artificial cell is 0.8 M Cl- and 0.1 M K+. She submerges the cell in a beaker of water that contains 0.9 M Cl- and 0.3 M K+. Right after being submerged in the beaker, where will water move? a) Most of the water will move into the artificial cell. None will move out. b) Most of the water will move into the artificial cell. A little will move out. c) Most of the water will move out of the artificial cell. None will move in. d) Most of the water will move out of the artificial cell. A little will move in.

Answer 50

Most of the water will move out of the artificial cell because there is a higher concentration outside - a little water will move in bc some water follows solute movement (K+ into cell due to facilitated diffusion)

Question 51

The copper pump uses ATP to pump 3 copper ions (Cu+) at a time into liver cells from the interstitial fluid. A scientist is studying this pump. She creates an artificial cell with a copper pump embedded in the cell membrane (no other ion transport channels) and artificial aquaporins. Inside the artificial cell there is 0.9 M Cu+ and 1M Mg2+. The scientist submerges the cell in a beaker of water. The water contains 0.8 M Cu+. After several minutes of being submerged in the water: Where will Cu+ move? Where will mg2+ move? a) Cu+ will move from the beaker water and into the artificial cell. Mg2+ will move from the artificial cell into the beaker water. b) Cu+ will move from inside the cell and into the beaker water. Mg2+ will stay in the cell and not move. c) Cu+ will move from the beaker water and into the artificial cell. Mg2+ will stay in the cell and not move. d) Cu+ will move from inside the cell and into the beaker water. Mg2+ will move into the beaker of water.

Answer 51

c) Cu+ will move from the beaker water and into the artificial cell. Mg2+ will stay in the cell and not move.

Question 52

Cell in a Flask Question 3: Referring to the model described in question 2; where will water move (as it relates to solute movement)? a) Most of the water will move out of the artificial cell. A little will move in. b) Most of the water will move out of the artificial cell. None will move in. c) Most of the water will move into the artificial cell. A little will move out. d) Most of the water will move into the artificial cell. None will move out.

Answer 52

d) Most of the water will move into the artificial cell. None will move out.

Question 53

GLUT1 is a transport protein which moves glucose from a high concentration in the blood through the blood brain barrier into brain cells. 1. What kind of membrane transport is GLUT1 operating? 2. The fully mature GLUT1 is made up of 164 amino acids bonded together, starting with a methionine, and ending with a cysteine. This description is referring to which structure of the GLUT1 protein? a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Quaternary

Answer 53

1 - Facilitated diffusion 2- a) primary

Question 54

allosteric regulation

Answer 54

when regulatory molecule binds somewhere that is not the active site

Question 55

why are competitive and allosteric inhibition reversible?

Answer 55

they don't affect the enzyme's primary structure

Question 56

Mountaineerase converts dimmerol into brainiac. Noitol looks like dimmerol, but is NOT modified by mountaineerase. Noitol inhibits the conversion of dimmerol to braniac by binding to the active site. As the ratio of dimmerol to noitol increases, the inhibition by noitol decreases. Which of the following is true? A. Brainiac is the substrate & dimmerol is the product. B. Mountaineerase is the enzyme & noitol is the substrate C. Mountaineerase is the enzyme & braniac is the non-competitive inhibitor D. Dimmerol is the substrate & noitol is the competitive inhibitor

Answer 56

D

Question 57

more product compared to substrate means ?

Answer 57

enzyme slows down

Question 58

more substrate compared to product means?

Answer 58

enzyme speeds up