BIOL 150 Final

Question 1

What is the ultimate source of most energy in the biosphere?

Answer 1

solar energy from the sun

Question 2

How do you rank reactions from least to most energetically favorable?

Answer 2

Least favorable will have a large positive number of kcal/mol, most favorable will have the largest negative number of kcal/mol.

Question 3

Anabolic reactions _______ NADH and ATP.

Answer 3

consume

Question 4

Catabolic reactions _______ NADH and ATP.

Answer 4

produce

Question 5

Molecules are broken down in ________ reactions.

Answer 5

catabolic

Question 6

Molecules are synthesized in ________ reactions.

Answer 6

anabolic

Question 7

Why do we have storage macromolecules, such as fats, in our bodies?

Answer 7

We can break down these macromolecules to provide energy for the endergonic reactions in our bodies.

Question 8

Energy is defined as

Answer 8

the capacity to do work

Question 9

The energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and start a chemical reaction is called

Answer 9

activation energy

Question 10

A drug that binds to the active site of an enzyme is considered a

Answer 10

competitive inhibitor

Question 11

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of

Answer 11

electrons

Question 12

What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

Answer 12

endergonic

Question 13

A particular chemical reaction is exergonic. What can you say about the relationship between the reactants and the products in this exergonic reaction?

Answer 13

The reactants have more free energy than the products.

Question 14

The organic nonprotein components that aid in enzyme functioning are called

Answer 14

coenzymes

Question 15

Why is ATP important for metabolism?

Answer 15

The phosphate groups of ATP are held together by unstable bonds that can be broken to release energy.

Question 16

Term for all chemical reactions of a living system. The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called…

Answer 16

metabolism

Question 17

The Law of Thermodynamics that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed is:

Answer 17

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 18

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactant is called the

Answer 18

substrate

Question 19

NAD+ reacts to form NADH, what happened to NAD+?

Answer 19

It was reduced to form NADH.

Question 20

While conducting an experiment, you realize that a competitive inhibitor was interfering with your reaction. How could you overcome this problem?

Answer 20

Increase the concentration of the correct substrate in the reaction.

Question 21

The term oxidation is derived from the name of the element oxygen. This is reasonable, because oxygen…

Answer 21

attracts electrons very strongly.

Question 22

In order to reuse an enzyme after the conclusion of an enzyme catalyzed reaction, what must occur?

Answer 22

the enzyme has to separate itself from the product

Question 23

A new antibiotic has been developed. It acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of an enzyme. How will this antibiotic affect ΔG for the reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme?

Answer 23

ΔG will be unaffected

Question 24

One common feature of electron carriers such as NAD+ is that

Answer 24

they can be reversibly oxidized and reduced.

Question 25

Cells use ______ to power most cellular activities that require work.

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

ATP is most often used to drive an ______ reaction.

Answer 26

endergonic

Question 27

In substrate-level phosphorylation, ATP is formed when a ______ is transferred directly to ADP.

Answer 27

phosphate group

Question 28

ATP is synthesized by ______ in oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 28

ATP synthase

Question 29

ATP synthesis is driven by _______ reactions.

Answer 29

exergonic reactions

Question 30

You would like to study the activity of glycolysis in a cell undergoing cellular respiration in the presence of ample oxygen. Assuming you could experimentally measure the level of any product of cellular respiration, which product would you want to measure to determine the output of glycolysis?

Answer 30

pyruvate

Question 31

Priming Reactions

Answer 31

Uses 2 ATP, produces 2 ADP

Question 32

Oxidation in Glycolysis

Answer 32

Uses 4 ADP, produces 4 ATP, uses 2 NAD+, produces 2 NADH

Question 33

Cleavage in Glycolysis

Answer 33

Two 3-carbon sugars are formed

Question 34

During oxidative phosphorylation, ______ and FADH2 are oxidized to power ATP production

Answer 34

NADH

Question 35

The ETC is located in the inner membrane of the

Answer 35

mitochondrion

Question 36

The final electron acceptor of the ETC is

Answer 36

oxygen

Question 37

NADH and FADH₂ donate ______ at different points in the ETC.

Answer 37

electrons

Question 38

ATP synthase uses an electrochemical gradient of _______ to produce ATP.

Answer 38

hydrogen ions

Question 39

The number of NADH molecules generated during each conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is

Answer 39

1

Question 40

The number of NADH molecules generated, per molecule of glucose, through the Citric acid cycle is

Answer 40

6

Question 41

The number of FADH2 molecules made during glycolysis is

Answer 41

0

Question 42

The number of ATP molecules made through cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells is about

Answer 42

30

Question 43

In cellular respiration, what pathway directly generates ATP for the cell?

Answer 43

glycolysis

Question 44

What are fats primarily broken down and converted into so that energy stored within these molecules can be harvested?

Answer 44

Acetyl-CoA

Question 45

What must happen to amino acids before they can be used in catabolic reactions?

Answer 45

They must be deaminated

Question 46

Many types of cancer cells secrete significant levels of lactate. Do you think it is likely these cells are undergoing beta-oxidation?

Answer 46

No, because if lactate is being produced, the cell is not likely making use of the pathways needed to make use of the products of beta-oxidation.

Question 47

What stage of cellular respiration can occur in human cells with or without oxygen present?

Answer 47

Glycolysis

Question 48

In aerobic respiration, chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by

Answer 48

a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 49

During what step of glycolysis are two ATP molecules required?

Answer 49

glucose priming

Question 50

The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O. At what specific point in the cellular respiration process has glucose been broken down completely from a six carbon molecule to 6 molecules of CO2?

Answer 50

During the second oxidation in the Citric acid cycle

Question 51

In the reaction catalyzed by aconitase, the conversion of citrate to isocitrate is inhibited by fluoroacetate. Fluoroacetate is used as a pesticide. Why is this an effective pesticide?

Answer 51

It inhibits the Citric acid cycle

Question 52

What are the products of one turn of the Citric acid cycle?

Answer 52

2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

Question 53

What happens to the oxygen that is used in cellular respiration?

Answer 53

It is reduced to form water

Question 54

As electrons move along the electron transport chain, they lose potential energy. How is the energy that is released used by the cell?

Answer 54

The energy is used to transport protons against their concentration gradient

Question 55

Regardless of the electron or hydrogen acceptor used, one of the products of fermentation is always

Answer 55

NAD+

Question 56

To form NADH from NAD+, two electrons and a proton are removed from an organic molecule. What term best describes the reaction in which electrons and a proton are removed from an organic molecule?

Answer 56

Dehydrogenation

Question 57

When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that

Answer 57

ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group.

Question 58

What is the net number of ATP generated directly during glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

Answer 58

2

Question 59

Many of the antiviral drugs currently used to treat HIV/AIDS also interfere with an enzyme that helps mitochondria multiply. Treatment can therefore result in a decrease in the number of mitochondria found in certain tissues. Given this information, what might you expect to see in patients treated with antiviral drugs?

Answer 59

An increase in lactic acid levels

Question 60

Your friend is having difficulty keeping track of the energy flow from glucose through glycolysis, the Citric acid cycle and electron transport. Your best advice would be to

Answer 60

follow the electrons.

Question 61

In order to lose weight and reduce body fat, a friend of yours has decided to eliminate all fat from his diet, while consuming unrestricted amounts of carbohydrates. What do you think of this idea?

Answer 61

It is a bad idea, because if ATP levels are high in cells, excess acetyl-CoA from the metabolism of carbohydrates can be used for fatty acid synthesis.

Question 62

Why are the components of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than floating freely in the cytoplasm of the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 62

To generate and maintain the proton gradient essential for ATP production.

Question 63

If ATP synthase had a mutation in the F1 complex portion of the protein, which function of ATP synthase would most likely be affected?

Answer 63

The conversion of ADP and Pi to ATP.

Question 64

A protein that has been transported past the outer chloroplast membrane would have to pass how many more membranes to reach the stroma and thylakoid lumen, respectively?

Answer 64

2

Question 65

If you tagged organic carbon inside a chloroplast with a fluorescent label, the location most likely to have a high concentration of labeled carbon would be in the

Answer 65

stroma

Question 66

The splitting of water and the generation of oxygen occur where?

Answer 66

Photosystem II