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Biol 213: Molecular > biol 213 unit 2 > Flashcards

biol 213 unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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2
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place in aerobic prokaryotes?

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

what happens to the activation-energy barrier after each step is catalyzed by an enzyme?

A

lowers activation-energy barrier

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4
Q

what is kinase general function?

A

adds phosphate

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5
Q

what is isomerase general function?

A

rearrangement

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6
Q

what is dehydrogenase’s general function?

A

catalyzes oxidation by removing H-

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7
Q

what is mutase’s general function?

A

shifts chemical group

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8
Q

what do catabolic pathways need to accept electrons from oxidation?

A

NAD+

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9
Q

what is the energy producing step in cellular respiration?

A

-6
-makes ATP and NADH
-oxidation occurs

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10
Q

what happens in steps 7 and 10?

A

-substrate-level phosphorylation
-transfer P to ADP

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11
Q

what drives steps 6 and 7?

A

coupled reactions

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12
Q

what is pyruvate converted into in muscle cells?

A

lactate

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13
Q

what is pyruvate converted into in yeast cells?

A

ethanol, CO2

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14
Q

what is the goal of fermentation?

A

regenerate NAD+ from NADH

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15
Q

what kind of sugar do animal cells store to provide energy at times of fasting?

A

-glycogen
-stored in cytoplasm of liver and muslce cells

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16
Q

what regulates the balance between glycogen synthesis and breakdown?

A

intracellular signaling pathways controlled by hormones:
insulin, epinephrine, glucagon

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17
Q

what is starch?

A

-how plants store glucose
-stored in chloroplasts (along with fats)

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18
Q

how are fats stored in plants and animals?

A

-lipid droplets
-triacylglycerols

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19
Q

how did chloroplasts and mitochondria evolve?

A

form bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral cells

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20
Q

how do chloroplasts and mitochondria reproduce?

A

fission

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21
Q

what are MERRF and myoclonic epilepsy?

A

-defects in the proteins required for ETC
-experience muscle weakness, heart problems, epilepsy

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22
Q

what can mitochondria do in terms of adaptation?

A

can adjust their location, shape, and number to suit that particular cell’s needs

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23
Q

why would mitochondria stay fixed in 1 location?

A

supply ATP directly to a site of unusually high energy consumption

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24
Q

when do mitochondria stay fixed in 1 location?

A

-in muscle cells- mitochondria are close to contractile apparatus
-in sperm- mitochondria are wrapped tightly around the motile flagellum

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25
mitochondria matrix
contains enzymes for citric acid cycle
26
inner mitochondrial membrane
-has cristae -site of oxidative phosphorylation -helps convert energy from NADH/FADH2 phosphate bond for ATP
27
outer mitochondrial membrane
-contains porins -very permeable to small things
28
outer mitochondrial membrane
contains porins
29
what are porins?
channel-forming proteins
30
intermembrane space
contains enzymes for ATP passing out of matrix to phosphorylate
31
where is pH higher in mitochondria?
pH higher in matrix (less H+) pH lower in intermembrane space (more H+)
32
what do redox reactions depend on?
Delta G e- transfer (depends on relative e- affinities)
33
what are iron-sulfur centers?
have low e- affinity have serve as e- acceptors
34
what are cytochrome proteins?
-transfer proteins -increase in redox potential (delta E) the further down the ETC they go
35
what is cytochrome C oxidase>
-has the highest redox potential of all -oxidized cytochrome c (removes e-) -has high e- affinity
36
why is oxygen an electon sink?
has high affinity to e- but O2- is very dangerous
37
what dos DNA consist of?
2 long polynucleotide chains held together by H bond between paired bases
38
what are nucleotides composed of?
nitrogen base and 5-carbon sugar bonded by covalent phosphodiester bonds
39
what does the backbone of DNA include?
sugar phosphate
40
what are nucleotides held together by?
phosphodiester bonds between 5' phophate and 3' hydroxyl
41
how many bonds does A T need?
2
42
how many bonds does G C need?
3
43
what is gene expression?
the process by which the nucleotide sequence is transcribed into the nucleotide sequence of a protein
44
for a majority of genes, the final product is____
RNA molecule itself
45
what are chromosomes?
long, double-stranded DNA molecules packed in
46
what is chromatin?
DNA that has been compacted by proteins
47
what are homologous chromosomes?
-2 copies of every chromosome -1 from mom 1 from dad
48
what is an example of non-homologous pairs?
sex chromosomes
49
what is the purpose of staining chromosomes with dyes?
distinguishing between DNA that is rich in A-T nucleotide pairs and G-C pairs
50
what is a karyotype?
an ordered display of the full set of 46 human chromosomes
51
what is an example of a change that can be detected on a karyotype?
if a chromosome is lost or switched
52
what is a gene?
-a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein or RNA molecule -the functional units of heredity
53
what is a genome?
the total genetic info carried by a complete set of the chromosomes in the cell/ organism
54
in many eukaryotes, genes include an excess of _______
interspread, noncoding DNA
55
what do telomeres do?
-contain repeated nucleotide sequences for the ends of chromosomes to be replicated -serve as caps that keep chromosome tips from being mistaken by cell as broken DNA
56
what do centromeres do?
allow duplicated chromosomes to be separated during M phase
57
what are mitotic chromosomes?
chromosomes in M phase when DNA coils up and condenses severely
58
what is the nucleolus?
the interphase nucleus -is large enough to be seen in microscope
59
what is the purpose of nuncleous?
it is where ribosomal RNAs are created and combine with proteins to form ribosomes
60
_____ occupy their own distinct territories within the nucleus
interphase chromosomes
61
what are histone and nonhistone proteins?
proteins that bind to DNA to form eukaryotic chromosomes
62
what is chromatin?
the complex of both classes of proteins along with nuclear DNA
63
what does the nucleosome do?
convert the DNA molecules in an interphase nucleus into a chromatin fiber
64
what is responsible for nucleosome packing?
histones
65
what does the nucleosome consist of?
-8 histone proteins 2x (H2A H2B H3 H4) -147 nucleotide pairs that wind around histone octamer aka nucleosome core and DNA linker
66
what do nucleases do?
cut the DNA by breaking the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
67
what do chromatin-remodeling complexes do?
use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the position of the DNA wrapped around nucleosomes
68
what do histone-modifying enzymes do?
catalyze the reversible chemical modification of histones
69
what do chromatin-remoding complexes and histone-modifying enzymes do together?
condense and relax stretches of chromatin - allowing local chromatin structure to change rapidly according to cell's needs
70
what is special about interphase chromosomes?
-chromatin isn't uniformly packed -regions of the chromosome containing the genes that are actively expressed are generally more extended
71
what are heterochomatins?
the most highly condensed form of interphase chromatin
72
what is the euchromatin?
the rest of interphase chromatin
73
what is responsible for the patchwork coloration of callico cats?
female mammals evolved mechanism for permanently inactivating 1 of 2 X
74
what does B-globin deactivation cause?
anemia
75
when a cell divides, what can it pass to its 2 daughter cells?
-histone modifications -chromatin structure -gene expression patterns
76
what is the final product of a new DNA strand?
a complementary in nucleotide sequence to template
77
DNA polymeraze 3
-monitors base-pairing between each incoming nucleoside triphosphate and template strand -can correct errors through proofreading -drives movement of replication fork -replication machine -adds deoxyribonucleotides to 3- end of DNA strand
78
what molecule can correct errors through proofreading?
DNA polymeraze 3
79
what is proofreading?
enzyme checks whether previously added nucleotide is correctly paired before adding next nucleotide to a growing DNA strand

Biol 213: Molecular (3 decks)

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