BIOL 2140 Exam 2 Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Which primary tissue is responsible for covering?
A
Epithelial
2
Q
Which primary tissue is responsible for movement?
A
Muscle
3
Q
Which primary tissue is responsible for control?
A
Nervous
4
Q
Which primary tissue is responsible for support?
A
Connective
5
Q
A collection of tissues that have a specialized function (most contain all 4 tissues)
A
Organ
6
Q
What is the type of epithelium that is considered “dry”?
A
Cutaneous
7
Q
What is the type of epithelium that is wet and lines body cavities open to the exterior?
A
Mucous
8
Q
What is the type of epithelium that is wet and is a lubricating fluid?
A
Serous
9
Q
An example of cutaneous cells is…
A
Skin
10
Q
An example of serous cells is…
A
Pericardia
11
Q
An example of mucous cells is…
A
Respiratory lining
12
Q
Any access to the internal body is through the _________
A
Epithelium
13
Q
What membrane lines the inside of blood vessels?
A
Serous
14
Q
What are epithelium cells bonded together by?
A
Tight junctions and desmosomes
15
Q
What is the basal surface mostly made up of?
A
Collagen
16
Q
What is an adhesive sheet of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells?
A
Basal lamina
17
Q
What is a layer of collagen fibers and is part of underlying connective tissue?
A
Reticular lamina
18
Q
Basal lamina + Reticular lamina = ?
A
Basement membrane
19
Q
What is the function of the basement membrane?
A
Reinforce the epithelium
20
Q
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in the…
A
kidney
21
Q
Simple squamous epithelium is found in the…
A
air sacs of lungs
22
Q
Simple columnar epithelium is found in the…
A
intestine
23
Q
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in the…
A
respiratory tract
24
Q
Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the…
A
esophagus
25
What does simple squamous epithelium allow?
diffusion
26
What type of simple squamous epithelium is the inner covering?
Endothelium
27
What does endothelium line?
Lymphatic and cardiovascular system
28
What type of simple squamous epithelium lines the ventral body cavity?
Mesothelium
29
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
secretion and absorption
30
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
kidney tubules
31
What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
secretion and absorption
32
Where is simple columnar epithelium located?
GI tract
33
What type of epithelium is a single layer of cells of differing height?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
34
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
secretion
35
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
ducts (trachea)
36
What type of epithelium has many layers of flat cells?
stratified squamous
37
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
protection from abrasion
38
Where is stratified squamous epithelium located?
esophagus lining and mouth
39
What type of epithelium is only found in the male urethra?
Stratified columnar
40
What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
protection and secretion
41
What type of epithelium can change its structure?
transitional
42
What are the basal cells of transitional epithelium?
cuboidal or columnar
43
Where is transitional epithelium found?
ureters, bladder, urethra
44
What are groups of cells that make and secrete a particular fluid?
glandular epithelia
45
Are all endocrine glands epithelial?
No
46
What is the only unicellular gland called?
goblet cell
47
Where are goblet cells found?
intestine and respiratory tract
48
What is the function of goblet cells?
produce mucin and H2O
49
Which type of epithelia is a single unbranched duct?
simple
50
Which type of epithelia is a branched duct?
compound
51
Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form tubes?
tubular
52
Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form alveoli
alveolar
53
Which type of epithelia is secretory cells that form tubes & sacs?
tubuloalveolar
54
Which type of glands are simple tubular?
intestinal
55
Which type of glands are compound alveolar?
mammary
56
Which type of glands are simple alveolar?
none
57
Which type of glands are simple branched alveolar?
sebaceous
58
Which type of glands are compound tubuloalveolar?
salivary
59
Which type of glands are compound tubular
duodenal (small intestine)
60
Which type of glands are simple branched tubular?
stomach
61
Which glands secrete their products by exocytosis?
merocrine
62
Where are merocrine glands found?
pancreas, sweat, saliva
63
Does the brain have connective tissue?
Very little
64
What are the 4 main types of connective tissue?
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
65
What is an example of connective tissue proper?
ligaments and tendons
66
How is blood a connective tissue?
connects systems through transport
67
The function of connective tissue is binding and support, protection, _____________, and transportation
insulation
68
What type of embryonic tissue does all connective tissue come from?
mesenchyme
69
What are the 2 different types of connective tissue proper?
loose and dense
70
Loose connective tissue is...
areolar, adipose, reticular
71
Dense connective tissue is...
regular, irregular, elastic
72
What are the 3 different types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
73
Connective tissue proper is a reservoir for what?
water and salts
74
What does cartilage's matrix hold large amounts of ?
water
75
What are the 3 levels of connective tissue
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
76
What are the 2 different types of bones?
compact and spongy
77
Where are blood proteins made?
liver
78
What molecule creates blood clots?
fibrin
79
What are the 3 main elements of connective tissue?
ground substance (matrix), fibers, cells
80
What is the purpose of the matrix?
fills space
81
What is the purpose of fibers?
support
82
What are the 3 different types of fibers?
collagen, elastic, reticular
83
Which fibers have high tensile strength?
collagen
84
Which fibers are long thin branches?
elastic
85
Which fibers surround small blood vessels and located in basement membrane?
reticular
86
What is the suffix for immature?
-blast
87
What is the suffix for mature?
-cyte
88
What is the most widely distributed connective tissue?
areolar
89
What is the "packing material" for the body?
areolar
90
Which loose connective tissue supports WBC's?
reticular
91
Which connective tissue is closely packed bundles of collagen that run parallel to direction of pull?
dense regular
92
Which dense connective tissue is thicker?
dense irregular
93
Is cartilage innervated?
No
94
What is the most abundant form of cartilage?
hyaline
95
Which type of cartilage covers ends of long bones to absorb joint compression?
hyaline
96
Does hyaline cartilage connect ribs to sternum?
Yes
97
Where is elastic cartilage found?
places that bend easily (pinna of ear)
98
What % of cartilage of H2O?
80%
99
Which type of cartilage resists tension and heavy pressure?
fibrocartilage
100
Where is fibrocartilage found?
pubic symphysis
101
What is the largest organ of the human body?
skin (integument)
102
What is the outer protective layer of the skin?
epidermis
103
Is the dermis vascularized?
Yes
104
Which layer of the skin is subcutaneous tissue?
hypodermis
105
Function of the hypodermis is fat storage, insulator, ______________, and anchors skin to muscle
shock absorber
106
What is the thinnest layer of skin?
epidermis
107
What is the thickest layer of skin?
dermis
108
Which part of the dermis senses vibration?
lamellar corpuscle
109
Most epidermal cells are ___________
keratinocytes
110
How often are keratinocytes replaced?
25-45 days
111
Where are melanocytes located?
deepest part of dermis
112
Where are langerhan cells made?
bone marrow
113
Which type of cells are considered a "touch receptor"?
merkel
114
What type of tissue is hypodermis made up of?
adipose
115
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
116
What is the deepest epidermal layer?
stratum basale
117
Which parts of the body have the most layers of skin?
palms, fingertips, soles of feet
118
How many rows does the stratum basale have?
1
119
Which layer of epidermis are melanin granules and langerhans cells found?
stratum spinosum
120
How many layers does stratum granulosum have?
3-5
121
How many layers does stratum corneum have?
20-30
122
How many keratinocytes do we shed per minute?
50,000
123
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
124
What type of connective tissue is on the papillary layer?
loose areolar
125
Which layer contains capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors?
papillary
126
Which layer makes up 80% of the dermis?
reticular
127
What type of connective tissue is on the reticular layer?
irregular dense fibrous
128
What is the purpose of collagen in the reticular layer?
strength and binding water
129
Functions of the integumentary system are temperature regulation, ___________, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and __________
sensation; excretion
130
How much sweat do sweat glands unnoticeably secrete daily?
0.5 L
131
How much sweat can we lose in a day?
12 L
132
The integumentary system is what percentage of the body's blood?
5%
133
What is the most common skin cancer?
basal cell skin cancer
134
Which layer of skin does basal cell skin cancer affect?
5th (basal) layer
135
What is the most dangerous skin cancer?
melanoma
136
What is the least malignant skin cancer?
basal cell skin cancer
137
Where is squamous cell cancer found
keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
138
What is the cause of most skin cancers?
UV radiation
139
What are the 5 letters for detection of melanoma
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Colors, Diameter, Elevation
140
What are the purine bases?
A and G
141
What are the pyrimidine bases?
C and T
142
What means no DNA repair mechanisms for UV damage?
Xerodermapigmentosa
143
What are problems of burns?
fluid loss, infection
144
First degree burns burn which layer(s) of skin?
epidermis
145
Second degree burns burn which layer(s) of skin?
epidermis and upper dermis
146
How long does it take for a first degree burn to repair?
2-3 days
147
How long does it take for a second degree burn to repair?
3-4 weeks
148
Which degree of burns is grafting necessary?
third
149
What are the 4 classifications of bones?
long, short, flat, irregular
150
What is blood cell formation in bone marrow?
hematopoiesis
151
Are bones considered organs?
Yes
152
What are the spaces between compact and spongy bone filled with?
bone marrow
153
What is the shaft of long bones called?
diaphysis
154
What are the ends of long bones called?
epiphysis
155
What destroys bones?
osteoclasts
156
What makes bones?
osteoblasts
157
Is the periosteum innervated and vascularized?
Yes
158
What covers the trabeculae?
endosteum
159
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
osteon
160
What percentage of bone mass is recycled every week?
5-7%
161
How often is spongy bone replaced?
every 3-4 years
162
How often is compact bone replaced?
every 10 years
163
Fractures are classified by position, __________, orientation, and __________________
completeness; skin penetration
164
Does a closed fracture penetrate the skin?
No
165
Is a linear fracture parallel to the long axis?
Yes
166
Does an incomplete fracture completely break through the bone?
No
167
Are bones out of alignment when the fracture is non-displaced?
No
168
What type of fracture is when the bone is broken into 3 or more pieces?
comminuted
169
What type of fracture is when the bone is crushed?
compression
170
What type of fracture is when the bone subdues to twisting forces?
spiral
171
What type of fracture is when the bone is pressed inward?
depressed
172
What type of fracture is when the bone breaks incompletely, like a twig?
greenstick
173
What type of fracture is when the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis?
epiphyseal
174
What is osteomalacia?
soft bones
175
What bone disorder causes the legs to bow and deform bones?
rickets
176
Does osteoporosis reduce bone mass?
Yes
177
Who is osteoporosis most commonly found in?
older women and men
178
Which classification means immovable joints
synarthroses
179
Which classification means freely movable joints
diarthroses
180
Which classification means slightly movable joints?
amphiarthroses
181
Which classification means immovable/slightly movable
fibrous
182
Which classification means freely moving
synovial
183
Which classification means right/slightly movable
cartilaginous
184
What is the most immovable type of joint?
fibrous joints
185
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
186
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
187
What do bursa and tendon sheaths do?
wrap around tendons
188
The 4 parts of synovial joints are ______________, joint cavity, articular capsule, and _______________
articular cartilage; synovial fluid
