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Alyson Nguyen > BIOL 220: Ch. 6 > Flashcards

BIOL 220: Ch. 6 Flashcards

Terms and concepts from Ch 6: Characteristics of Bones (Lecture 5) Axial (Ch. 7) Appendicular Skeleton (Ch. 8) (104 cards)

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1
Q

skeletal system

A

organ system with tissues that grow and change throughout life

  • bones
  • cartilages
  • ligaments
  • other supportive connective tissues
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2
Q

cartilage

A

semirigid connective tissue

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3
Q

cartilage is more ____ than bone, but more flexible and resilient

A

weaker

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4
Q

mature cartilage is

A

avascular

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5
Q

cells of cartilage

A

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

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6
Q

chondroblasts

A

produce matrix

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7
Q

chondrocytes

A

surrounded by matrix

occupy small spaces around lacunae

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8
Q

distribution of cartilage: hyaline

A

where bones touches bone (articulations)

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9
Q

distribution of cartilage: elastic

A

cartilage in ear

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10
Q

distribution of cartilage: fibrocartilage

A

vertebra, pubic symphisis

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11
Q

functions of cartilage (3)

A

supporting soft tissues (i.e. airways in respiratory system and auricle of ear)
gliding surface at articulations (i.e. smooth surfaces where bones meet)
precursor model for bone growth

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12
Q

growth patterns of cartilage (2)

A

interstitial growth

appositional growth

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13
Q

interstitial growth (cartilage)

A

from within the cartilage

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14
Q

appositional growth (cartilage)

A

along the cartilage periphery

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15
Q

interstitial growth steps (5)

A
  1. mitosis of chondrocytes in lacunae
  2. forms two chondroblasts per lacuna
  3. each synthesize and secrete new matrix
  4. new matrix separates the cells, now called chondrocytes
  5. results: larger piece of cartilage, newest cartilage on the inside
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16
Q

appositional growth steps (4)

A
  1. mitosis of stem cells in perichondrium
  2. adds chondroblasts to periphery
  3. produce matrix, become chondrocytes in lacunae
  4. results: larger piece of cartilage, newest cartilage on outside edges
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17
Q

perichondrium

A

outer border of cartilage

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18
Q

bone

A

complex organs containing all four tissue types

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19
Q

bone tissue is primarily

A

bone connective tissue

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20
Q

the ECM of bone is sturdy and rigid due to

A

deposition of minerals (calcification)

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21
Q

functions of bone (4)

A
  1. support and protection
  2. movement
  3. hemopoiesis
  4. storage of mineral and energy reserves
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22
Q

classification of bones (4)

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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23
Q

long bones

A

greater length than width

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24
Q

short bones

A

nearly equal length and width

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25
flat bones
thin surfaces
26
irregular bones
complex shapes
27
General structures and gross anatomy of long bones compose of the terms.. (7)
``` diaphysis epiphysis metaphysis articular cartilage medullary cavity endosteum periosteum ```
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diaphysis
elongated, cylindrical shaft
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epiphysis
knobby, enlargd regions at each end strengthens joints attachment site for tendons and ligaments
30
metaphysis
``` region between diaphysis and epiphysis contains epiphyseal (growth) plate ```
31
articular cartilage
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis | reduces friction and absorbs shock in moveable joints
32
medullary cavity
hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis | contains yellow bone marrow in adults
33
endosteum
covers most internal surfaces of bones | contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
34
periosteum
dense irregular connective tissue overs external surfaces of bones (EXCEPT articular cartilage) anchored by perforating fibers embedded in the bone matrix acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts
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perforating fibers
anchors periosteum and embedded in bone matrix
36
cells of bone (4)
osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts
37
osteoprogenitor cells
mesenchymal stem cells found in endosteum and periosteum; can produce more stem cells or osteoblasts
38
osteoblasts
form bone matrix
39
osteocytes
reside in lacunae; maintain matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone
40
osteoclasts
large, multinucleate cells that dissolve bones matrix, releasing Ca++
41
the bone matrix is composed of...
``` organic components (1/3 matrix) inorganic components (2/3 matrix) ```
42
organic components in bone matrix
cells, collagen fibers, ground substance
43
inorganic components in bone matrix
hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide)
44
two types of bone
compact | spongy
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compact bone
solid and relatively dense | external surfaces of long and flat bones
46
spongy bone
trabeculae | internal surface of bones
47
trabeculae
open lattice of narrow plates found in spongy bone
48
flat bones within the skull
two layers of compact bone, with spongy bone sandwiched between
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the basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone is the..
osteon
50
osteon is aka
haversian system
51
osteon
cylindrical structures running parallel to the diaphysis
52
microscopic anatomical structures of compact bones (7)
``` central canal concentric lamellae osteocytes canaliculi perforating canals circumferential lamellae interstitial lamellae ```
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central canal
center of osteon; carries blood vessels and nerves
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concentric lamellae
rings of bone around central canal
55
osteocytes
housed in lacunae between concentric lamellae
56
canaliculi
tiny, interconnecting channels within bone that extend between lacunae allows osteocytes to connect and communicate
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perforating canals
run perpendicular to and help connect multiple central canals passageways for blood vessels and nerves
58
circumferential lamellae
rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or internal to the endosteum run the entire circumference of the bone
59
interstitial lamellae
leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed
60
microscopic anatomy of spongy bones (2)
no osteons | trabecular contains parallel lamellae
61
ossification
the formation and development of bone
62
two patterns of ossification
intramembranous ossification | endochondral ossification
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intramembranous ossification
develops from mesenchyme | produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central portion of clavicle
64
endochondral ossification
begins with hyaline cartilage model | produces majority of bones in the body
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intramembranous ossification steps (4)
1. ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme 2. osteoid undergoes calcification 3. woven bone and surrounding periosteum form 4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form
66
osteoid
progenitor matrix that will end up making bone
67
woven bone
a step of intramembranous ossification
68
lamellar bone
compact + spongy bone
69
endochondral ossification steps (6)
1. the fetal hyaline cartilage model develops 2. cartilage calcifies and a periosteal bone collar forms 3. the primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis 4. secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis 5. bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates 6. epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
70
Why do we want growth to continue in the diaphysis?
Bones need to continue growing lengthwise from the inside because we want growth to a longer bone without disrupting the end of the bone where the joints are occurring.
71
Growth of bone (2)
interstitial growth | appositional growth
72
interstitial growth (bone)
a long bone's growth in length, occurring in the epiphyseal plate
73
appositional growth (bone)
growth in a bone's diameter, occurring in the periosteum | osteoclasts will consume old bone to allow the diameter of the medullary cavity to grow
74
major sets of blood vessels and innervation in bone (4)
1. nutrient artery and vein 2. metaphyseal arteries and veins 3. epiphyseal arterties and veins 4. periosteal arteries and veins
75
nutrient artery and vein
supply the diaphysis of a long bone; usually just one nutrient artery and vein per bone
76
metaphyseal arteries and veins
supply the diahyseal sie of the epihyseal plate
77
epiphyseal arteries and veins
supply the epihysis
78
periosteal arteries and veins
supply blood to the external circumferential lamellae and superficial osteons
79
nerves accompany blood vessels through the...
nutrient foramen
80
bone markings general structures include
articulating surfaces depressions projections for tendon and ligament attachment openings and spaces
81
articulating surfacestypes (4)
condyle fact head trochlea
82
depression types (3)
alveolus fossa sulcus
83
projections for tendon and ligament attachment types (9)
``` crest epicondyle line process ramus spine trochanter tubercle tuberosity ```
84
opening and spaces types (4)
canal fissure foramen sinus
85
condyle
large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure
86
facet
small, flat, shallow articulating surface
87
head
prominent, rounded epihysis
88
trochlea
smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process
89
alveolus
deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
90
fossa
flattened or shallow depression
91
sulcus
narrow groove
92
crest
narrow, prominent ridgelike projection
93
epicondyle
projection adjacent to a condyle
94
line
low ridge
95
process
any marked bony prominence
96
ramus
angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure
97
spine
pointed, slender process
98
trochanter
massive, rough projection found only on the femur
99
tubercle
small, round projection
100
tuberosity
large, rough projection
101
canal
passageway through a bone
102
fissure
narrow, slitlike opening through a bone
103
foramen
rounded passageway through a bone
104
sinus
cavity or hollow space in a bone

Alyson Nguyen (41 decks)

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