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Psychology, paper one > Biological > Flashcards

Biological Flashcards

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1
Q

key assumptions of biological psychology

A

all behaviour is determined by biological factors
behavioral and psychological develop,ent is assumed to be based on changes in the brain and general bilogy
genes influence behaviour

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2
Q

the cns

A

the brain - draws together information from all over the body and sends information back out to the body in response

the spinal cord - contains the nerves that carry messages between the brain and the body

pns branches out from the spinal cord

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3
Q

the role of the cns in human behaviour

A

the cns acts as an information processing and control centre fro information we receive and responses that we make in our environment

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4
Q

frontal lobe

A

desicion making
problem solvig
planing

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5
Q

parietal

A

reception and processing od sensory information from the body

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6
Q

occipital

A

vison

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7
Q

temporal

A

memory
emotion
hearing ad language

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8
Q

the prefrontal cortex

A

part of the rontal lobe
executive functions
inhibiting innapropriate responses desision making and motivational behaviour

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9
Q

the limbic system

A

complex system of structures and nerves
linked to instinct and mood
thalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus

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10
Q

thalamus

A

relays information from the five senses to relevent parts of the cortex

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11
Q

amygdala

A

emotions such as aanger and fear linked
if our senses perceive a threat thos area is stimulated
fight or flight response

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12
Q

hippocampus

A

key role in memory formation
linked to emotions
evolution - remembering what things frighten us

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13
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates bodily functions by stimulating the release of hormones

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14
Q

neurons

A

specialised cells
communicate with other cells
atapt as we have new experiences

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15
Q

axon

A
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16
Q

dentrites

A
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17
Q

cell body

A
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18
Q

nucleus

A
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19
Q

axon hillovk

A
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20
Q

mylean sheath

A
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21
Q

nodes of ranveir

A
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22
Q

synapse

A
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23
Q

the role of neurns in human behaviour

A

they are the basis of all behavior i that any time we think feel or do something thousands of neurons are communicating

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24
Q

the role of neurotransmittetrs in human behaviour

A

neurotransmitters are chemical messangers that take information around the brain . they are then released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft after an action potential
they then stimulate the post synaptic neuron and assist that neuron to create its own avtion potential . Altough , they can also inhibit the post synaptic neiron making it less likley to produce and action potentoal
neurostansmitters alow neurons to communicate with one another

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25
seretonin
inibits violent tenancie decreases our worries
26
dopamine
27
noradrenaline
28
synaptic transmission
1. an action potential moves dwon the presynaptic neuron and causes the vesicles filled with neurotransmitters to move close to the terminal membrane 2.the vesicles fuse with the terminal membrane in a process called exoytosis this causes the neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft 3. te neurotransmitter binds with potein receptors in the post synaptic neuron and the presynaptic neuron receptors in both activation of the receptors on the post synaptic neuron causes the post synaptic neuron to increase the probability of producing an ation potential activation of the receptors on the presynaptic neuron causes the presynaptic neuron to stop reasing neurotransmitters . 4. once the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft it is removed by one of the three processes reuptake - taken back into the presynaptic neuron broken down - by enzymes in the synaptic cleft diffusion - disperesed away from the synaptic cleft
29
evaluation of synaptic transmission
^ research uses brain scanning eg pet scans so high scientific credibility e.g pet scans have founf dfferencesin synaptic receptor sites however pet scans do not give microscopic detail on synaptic transmission . * studying animals - difficult to generalise eg van den over 2008 * individul differences - not taken into account as it assumes everyones synaptic transmission in the same way
30
recreational drugs
31
reward pathways in the brain
drugs target what is known as reward pathways circuits of structurs and erves that are linke to the acticities of specific neurotransmitters in particular dopamine
32
dopamine pathways
actovated by natural rewarding pathways such as having sex or eating food stimulates the release of normal levels of dopamine in certain areas of the brain including the ucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area in the limbic system messages are sent to the frontal cortex and we experience pleasurable feeligs make us more likley to repeat the behavior
33
how recreational drugs wrk
alering neuro transmission in one specific ststem the dopamine system increase the levels of dompamine in the limbic system and the VTA structures in the nucleus accumbens are assosiated with plearsurable experiences and are considered to be part of reward systems in the brain drugs act t prolong and intesify the activity in the reward system by ensuring that an increase in dopamine levels continously excites the post synaptic neurons within the system so that they keep firing . ways drugs affect synaptic transmission by increasing the amount of dopamine released into the synaptic cleft blocking the presynaptic transporters so that reuptake is stopeed and more remains in the synaptic cleft stopping the action of enzymes that would normally breakdown the neurotransmitter so more dopamine is left in the sunaptic cleft
34
cocaine
it disrupts the. ormal funtioning of the dopamine rward pathways in the brain works by blocking the transporter receptors on the presynaptic dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area as a result the presynaptic neurosdo not ruptake dopamine , theefore dopamie remains there for longer prolongs and intensifies the stimulation of the ost synapticneuron europhoric feelings
35
drug addiction
the brain is a self rgulating system and reacts to this overproduction of dopamine by rducing how much dopaine it naturally produces this plactisity of the brain allows it to adapt to the changes imposed on it by drugs but the brain will now longer operate properly without the drug brain has less dopaine - dysphoria the motivation to self administer the drug is overpowering to reduece feelings of sysphori and re experience euphoria leads to repeated use of the drug wih causes the brain to further down regulate production of dipamine so tolerance is built up for the drug needs greater dses addicted
36
hormones
hormones are chemical substances produced by a specialised gland and transported in the blood to stimulate specific cells or organs into action chemical messangers secreted by glands wich are colllectively named th endocrine system controlled by the hypothalamus once they have been secreted into the bloodstream they reach a perticular destination binding with target cells hormones take longer to work but have a longer term influence
37
the role of hormones in human development
1- in the womb - brain is influenced by reproductive hormones oestrogen , progerterone , testosterone impact sex differences causing brains to develop slighly differently 2- during early childhood - stressful environment - they relese the stress hormone cortisol wich represses the imune system and stimulates the automati nervous system resulting in high levels of arousal the regions of the brain involved in fear anxeity and impulse resonses may overproduce neural conections while aras assosiated with reasoning and planny may produce fewer 3 - puberty and adulthood - hormone imbalences may make a person more suseptable to depresion anxeity alcoholism and even drug abuse
38
evaluation of hormones to explain human behaviour
^ scientificlly redible standardised measurmnts eg measuring hormones using blood tests lots of suporting evidence - reliable * ethial issues - cannot manipulate hormone levels meaning research is oftern correlational cause and effect can not be infferred practical problems longitudinal research reductionist
39
evolution definition
the gradual development of different kinds of living organisms from earlier forms throughout histor of the earth
40
natural selection
a gradual process by wich hereditable trats become more or less common in an environment . the organisms that have traits better adapted to survival in their environment are healthier live longer and reproduce more frequently
41
evolution summary
individuals in a species show a wide range of variation caused by random genetic mutations the environment also has a wide range of variation individuals with characteristics most well adapted to the environment are more likley to survive and reproduce and pass their genes - survival of the fitesst the characteristics that allow these individuals to be sucessful are inherited by their offspring individuals who are poorly suited are less likley o survive and reproduce so less liley genes will be passed on over time the species will graduallu evolve to the characteristic that enabe survival in the environment
42
Aronsons 1997 definition of agression
an intentional action aimed at doing harm or causing pain . the action may be physical , verbal it might suceed in its goal or not
43
the prefrontal cortex - agression
rgulating agression control agressve impulses stop us from automatically reacting to threats - allows us to think when we experience
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Psychology, paper one (19 decks)

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