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biological Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormones are released during feelings of isolation?

A

Hormones that prepare the immune system to defend against bacteria

This indicates a biological response to social isolation.

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2
Q

What hormones are released during feelings of social connectivity?

A

Hormones that prepare the immune system against viruses

This suggests a protective mechanism linked to social interactions.

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3
Q

What does dualism propose in terms of mind and body?

A

Mind is separate from body

This concept was popularized by René Descartes.

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4
Q

What is monism?

A

Mind is what the brain does

This view is more widely accepted in contemporary psychology.

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5
Q

Define biological psychology/behavioral neuroscience.

A

Study of reciprocal connections between nervous system, brain, and behavior

This field explores how biological processes influence behavior.

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6
Q

How does cognition affect biology in terms of ghrelin?

A

Thinking you’re eating more calories results in greater decrease in ghrelin

This illustrates the mind’s influence on biological responses.

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7
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Hormone released when stomach is empty that makes you feel hungry

It plays a critical role in hunger signaling.

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8
Q

What role does cholecystokinin play in the body?

A

Controls feelings of satiety from the gut

This hormone helps signal fullness.

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9
Q

What does phrenology claim about the human skull?

A

Pattern of bumps on the skull correlates with personality and abilities

This theory is very inaccurate but correctly notes that some functions are localized.

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10
Q

What is the Jackson’s view of the nervous system?

A

Nervous system is a hierarchy

This perspective emphasizes the structured organization of the nervous system.

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11
Q

What is the Neuron Doctrine?

A

Nervous system is made of separate cells

This foundational concept in neuroscience was established in the late 19th century.

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12
Q

Who shared the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology?

A

Camillo Golgi and Ramon y Cajal

They contributed significantly to our understanding of the nervous system.

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13
Q

What does fMRI measure?

A

Changes in blood flow (oxygen use) to view brain electrical activity

This technique is widely used in brain imaging.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of a PET scan?

A

Uses radioactive drug (tracer) to view cell activity

This method helps visualize metabolic processes in the body.

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15
Q

What does MRI utilize to create detailed images?

A

Strong magnetic field

This imaging technique provides high-resolution images of body structures.

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16
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

Electrical activity in the brain

This method is often used to diagnose conditions like epilepsy.

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17
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS (Central Nervous System) and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

Each division has distinct functions and structures.

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18
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

Transfers sensory input info to CNS and CNS commands to muscles

This system is involved in voluntary movements.

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19
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Involuntary processes, including sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

It regulates bodily functions without conscious control.

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20
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Energy use during stress, fight or flight

This system prepares the body for high-energy activities.

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21
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system promote?

A

Energy storage during calm

It helps the body conserve energy and maintain homeostasis.

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22
Q

What is the enteric nervous system often referred to as?

A

Second brain

This system contains as many nerve cells as the spinal cord and is involved in gastrointestinal functions.

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23
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Blockage leading to CSF build-up

This condition can cause increased intracranial pressure.

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24
Q

What is a spinal tap used for?

A

Remove CSF for diagnosis

This procedure helps diagnose conditions affecting the central nervous system.

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25
What percentage of CNS weight does the spinal cord represent?
2% ## Footnote Despite its small size, it plays a crucial role in nervous system function.
26
What are spinal reflexes?
Involuntary reflex that isn't processed through the brain ## Footnote This allows for quick responses to stimuli.
27
What are the three types of neurons?
* Motor neurons * Sensory neurons * Interneurons ## Footnote Each type serves a distinct function within the nervous system.
28
What functions does the medulla control?
Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure ## Footnote It is vital for autonomic functions necessary for survival.
29
What is the function of the pons?
Facial expression, arousal, sleep ## Footnote This structure plays a key role in regulating sleep and wakefulness.
30
What does the midbrain control?
Pain, movement, reflexes ## Footnote It integrates sensory information and coordinates motor responses.
31
What is the role of the periaqueductal gray?
Manages pain ## Footnote It is involved in the modulation of pain responses.
32
What does the reticular formation regulate?
Levels of sleep and arousal ## Footnote Damage to this area can lead to coma.
33
What is the cerebellum primarily responsible for?
Balance and coordination ## Footnote It contains more nerve cells than the rest of the brain combined.
34
What is the limbic system often referred to as?
Emotional 'animal' brain ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in emotions and memory.
35
What does the thalamus do?
Sensory processing, consciousness, some memory ## Footnote It acts as a relay station for sensory information.
36
What happens to the basal ganglia during Parkinson's disease?
Degenerates, making movement hard ## Footnote This highlights the importance of this structure in motor control.
37
What is the role of the amygdala?
Fear, disgust, and other complicated social emotions ## Footnote It is crucial for emotional processing.
38
What functions does the hypothalamus control?
Automatic body functions, homeostasis, 4F (feeding, fleeing, fighting, fornication) ## Footnote It directly commands the autonomic nervous system.
39
What does the nucleus accumbens relate to?
Social inclusion, reward, pleasure ## Footnote It is involved in the brain's reward circuitry.
40
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Making new memories, managing stress ## Footnote It plays a significant role in learning and memory.
41
What does the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) help control?
Helps hypothalamus control ANS, worry ## Footnote It is involved in emotional regulation and decision-making.
42
What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?
Connects brain hemispheres ## Footnote It facilitates communication between the two halves of the brain.
43
What are the three categories of functions within the cerebral cortex?
* Sensory * Motor * Association ## Footnote Each category plays a role in processing different types of information.
44
What area of the brain is responsible for speech production?
Broca’s area ## Footnote Damage to this area can result in speech difficulties.
45
What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?
Judgment, attention, behavior ## Footnote It is critical for executive functions.
46
What behavioral issues are connected to damage in the orbitofrontal cortex?
Antisociality and psychopathy ## Footnote This area is involved in social and emotional behavior.
47
What is alien hand syndrome?
Limbs move without control of person due to damaged frontal lobes ## Footnote This phenomenon illustrates the complexities of brain function.
48
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
Visual cortex, processes visual information ## Footnote It is the primary area for visual perception.
49
What does the temporal lobe handle?
Audio, speech recognition, recognizing objects and people ## Footnote It is essential for auditory processing and memory.
50
What does the parietal lobe process?
Somatosensory information, taste, body location in space ## Footnote It integrates sensory information from various modalities.
51
What is neglect syndrome?
Difficulty paying attention due to parietal lobe damage ## Footnote This condition affects spatial awareness.
52
What are mirror neurons?
Activate when copying movements ## Footnote They are believed to be involved in imitation and empathy.
53
What is lateralization in the brain?
Sides of brain having different functions ## Footnote This concept highlights the division of labor in brain processing.
54
What does the endocrine system do?
Releases chemicals to communicate long distances in body ## Footnote It plays a critical role in regulating various bodily functions.
55
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin ## Footnote This hormone regulates sleep-wake cycles.
56
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Master gland that controls secretion from other glands ## Footnote It regulates hormones affecting growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
57
What do adrenal glands release during stress?
Cortisol ## Footnote This hormone helps the body respond to stress.
58
What is the role of insulin and glucagon?
Regulate blood sugar levels ## Footnote These hormones are produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
59
What is the neural membrane made of?
Fatty materials, pores allow chemical exchange ## Footnote This structure is critical for maintaining the neuron's environment.
60
What is the function of the cell body in a neuron?
Nucleus reads genes, makes proteins ## Footnote It is essential for the neuron's metabolic activities.
61
What is the purpose of the axon?
Sends information ## Footnote It transmits electrical signals away from the cell body.
62
What do dendrites do?
Receive information ## Footnote They are crucial for receiving signals from other neurons.
63
What is the function of glia?
Supports neurons, forms blood-brain barrier, prevents toxins from entering ## Footnote Glial cells play various supportive roles in the nervous system.
64
What do psychoactive drugs do?
Penetrate blood-brain barrier ## Footnote This allows them to affect brain function.
65
What happens to damaged glia in the CNS?
Forms scar tissue, nerve damage is permanent ## Footnote This contrasts with the PNS, where damaged glia can regenerate.
66
What is myelin?
Insulates axons and speeds up transmission ## Footnote It is critical for efficient nerve signal conduction.
67
What is the significance of the node of Ranvier?
Space between segments of myelin with lots of sodium ## Footnote It allows action potentials to skip myelin, increasing signal speed.
68
What is the synapse?
Space of communication between neurons ## Footnote This is where neurotransmitters are released and received.
69
What are neurotransmitters?
Messengers, chemical ## Footnote They transmit signals across the synapse.
70
What is reuptake in neural communication?
Axons take neurotransmitters back up for reuse ## Footnote This process regulates neurotransmitter levels in the synapse.
71
What effect do excitatory inputs have on a neuron?
Make neuron more likely to fire ## Footnote They increase the likelihood of action potential generation.
72
What is the effect of tetanus toxin?
Blocks release of inhibitory neurons, causing muscle over contraction ## Footnote This can lead to severe muscle spasms.
73
What is the role of acetylcholine?
Movement, ANS ## Footnote It is crucial for muscle activation and autonomic functions.
74
What happens when norepinephrine is released?
Arousal, SNS activation ## Footnote It prepares the body for action.
75
What is dopamine associated with?
Movement, planning, reward ## Footnote Lower levels are linked to Parkinson's disease.
76
What roles does serotonin play?
Mood, sleep, appetite, aggression ## Footnote It is involved in many emotional and physiological processes.
77
What are endorphins known for?
Endogenous morphine, painkiller ## Footnote They help relieve pain and induce feelings of pleasure.
78
What does naloxone do?
Reverses opioid overdose ## Footnote It is an emergency treatment for opioid toxicity.
79
What effect does alcohol have on GABA?
Increases GABA inhibition ## Footnote This enhances the inhibitory effects in the brain.

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