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MCAT > Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems > Flashcards

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Why are humans able to sweat freely in hot temperatures, even though the skin is composed of dead skin cells with oil/keratin?

A

Sweat glands have special channels through the skin

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2
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the process of incorporating uridine nucleotides into nucleic acid polymers occurs where?

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs where?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

An X-ray of the bones of the leg of a growing child will show:

A

Cartilaginous areas in the long bones

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5
Q

What is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaroytic cells?

A

Histones

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6
Q

Histones (function):

A

form highly compacted 30-nm chromatin fibers

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7
Q

Gall bladder (function):

A

stores bile produced by the liver.

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8
Q

Following removal of the gall bladder, restriction of what is needed:

A

triglycerides (hydrophobic fats)

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9
Q

Which hormone is associated with triggering ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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10
Q

Why do ectopic pregnancies occur?

A

Failure of the fertilized egg to be transported from the oviducts to the uterus.

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11
Q

What are the roles of the proteins actin and myosin during muscular contraction?

A

Bridges between actin and myosin form, break, and re-form, leading to a shortening of muscle sarcomeres.

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12
Q

Which muscles contain striated muscle fibers?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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13
Q

Which organ in the digestive system participates in regulation of glucose levels by breaking down glycogen?

A

Liver

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14
Q

What class of substances would travel through the bloodstream, linking the brain with the digestive tract?

A

hormones

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15
Q

Disruption of mitochondria is likely to decrease what?

A

ATP production

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16
Q

Mitochondria has what kind of
DNA?

A

Circular, like bacteria

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17
Q

How is ATP synthesis driven?

A

by the flow of hydrogen ions (H+) down a concentration gradient

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18
Q

Which tissues arise from the mesoderm during embryonic development?

A

Circulatory, bone, and dermal

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19
Q

Nervous tissues arise developmentally from?

A

the ectoderm

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20
Q

The sequence of events in the human menstrual cycle involves close interaction among which organs?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovary

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21
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of what by the kidneys?

A

Na+

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22
Q

Aldosterone deficiency would result in what?

A

Decreased blood volume and decreased pressure

23
Q

Separate species are characterized by:

A

inability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

24
Q

What would be the result of complete removal of the parathyroid glands?

A

Several neural and muscular problems due to deficiency of calcium in the plasma

25
Q

Why would calcitonin levels increase?

A

When the level of calcium in the plasma is high

26
Q

Low levels of calcium in the plasma will increase:

A

Osteoclast activity and Vitamin C

27
Q

Why do calcium supplements often include Vitamin D?

A

The activated form of Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of calcium into the blood

28
Q

Most bacterial cells and human cells are alike in:

A

the ability to produce ATP via ATP synthase

29
Q

Regeneration following illness/damage in the liver is accomplished through;

A

mitosis

30
Q

An increase in albumin will cause:

A

an influx of tissue fluid to the bloodstream

31
Q

Which structure that when damaged would most likely lead to cancer or result in a mutation?

A

Chromosome

32
Q

Accumulation of DDT (insectide that crosses biological membranes readily) will result in:

A

detoxification of poisons and production of bile (functions of the liver) and absorption of fats in the small intestine

33
Q

Sensations are detected by which neurons?

A

Sensory neurons that are depolarized

34
Q

Increased vasoconstriction (narrowing of a vessel) causes body to:

A

maintain blood pressure during a hemorrhage

35
Q

Vasodilation increases:

A

blood flow to both the muscle during exercise and the skin during blushing

36
Q

The two primary factors that normally determine the level of blood pressure are:

A

cardiac output and the resistance to blood flow

37
Q

Inbreeding can reduce the fitness of a population in the short term because it causes an increase in the:

A

incidence of expression of deleterious recessive traits

38
Q

Inbreeding decreases:

A

genetic diversity

39
Q

Functions of mammalian skin:

A

touch sensation. protection from disease and internal injury

40
Q

In mammals, which of the following events occurs during mitosis but does NOT occur during meiosis I?

A

splitting of centromeres

41
Q

Which of the following clearly marks fungi as eukaryotes?

A

They contain mitochondria

42
Q

Control of heart rate, muscle coordination, and appetite is maintained by:

A

the brain stem, cerebellum, and hypothalamus, respectively

43
Q

Protein myoglobin in urine causes:

A

damaged muscle and kidney

44
Q

Myoglobin is:

A

substance that holds oxygen in the muscles and organs

45
Q

Hypoxia is:

A

insufficient oxygen to the body cells

46
Q

The sympathetic autonomic nervous system is the:

A

fight of flight response

47
Q

The sodium pump is most active in:

A

Loop of Henle

48
Q

Leukocytes are related to:

A

inflammation

49
Q

The most effective method for producing an increase in the total amount of water lost through the skin during a certain period would be:

A

raising the environmental temperature

50
Q

The lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of fats and other carboxylic acid esters. The lipases illustrate the fact that:

A

some enzymes interact with several different substrate molecules that have similar chemical linkages.

51
Q

Which of the following recombinant processes depends on the F factor plasmid?

A

conjugation

52
Q

Inflation of the lungs in mammals is accomplished by:

A

negative pressure pumping action

53
Q

Antisense drugs prevent

A

RNA translation

MCAT (3 decks)

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