Biological Bases Flashcards
(43 cards)
Types of seizures
Two broad categories: partial and generalized
Partial includes simple and complex
Generalized includes Grand Mal (tonic clonic) and Petit Mal (absence)
Simple partial: electrical abnormalities in focal area, size of the affected area can be small or large. Person remains conscious.
Complex partial: few minutes of disorientation, Aura, staggering purposeless movements and wandering,. Consciousness is impaired.
Generalized seizures: electrical abnormalities exist throughout the brain.
- Grand Mal/ tonic clonic: dramatic, full body
- Petit-mal: aka absence, brief change in consciousness, rolling eyes, mouth movements, not usually have unusual movements. Originates in thalamus
What is akathasia?
Dysphoria, restlessness and agitation, the common side effect of traditional antipsychotics
Acalculia
Inability perform calculations, results from damage to the parietal lobe
Tricyclic antidepressants
‘amine’
Norpramin (desipramine)
Tofranil (imipramine)
Bad side effects:
- Anticholinergic (dry out, memory)
- sedation
- orthostatic low BP
- wt gain
- Nausea
- Sex problems
- heart disease
Anticonvulsants
Tegretol (carbamazepine)
Depakote (divalproex)
Depakene (valproic acid)
Treats:
Bipolar (not sure why)
Depression
Schizophrenia
Impulse control disorders
Pain
Side effects:
Wt gain
GI
Sedation
Acne
Polyuria
Not good for pregnancy
Parietal lobe functions
Left Right integration
Proprioception
Somatosensory/ pain
Right parietal: attention, visio spatial skills
Left parietal: overlearned motor routines
Damage to parietal lobe
Anomia
Agraphia
Alexia
Acalculia
Deficits in: drawing, left versus right, lack of awareness of body, hand-eye coordination
Gerstmann syndrome: left parietal damage agraphia, a culia, right left disorientation, finger agnosia
Atypical antipsychotics
Clozaril (clozapine)
Risperdal (risperidone)
Zyprexa (olanzapine)
Seroquel (quetiapine)
Geodon (ziprasidone)
Abilify (ariprazole)
Fewer movement disorders and side effects in general, except do have metabolic effects
Agranulocytosis
Lethal side effect of clozapine, sudden drop in white blood cells, risk of infection
Afferent versus efferent neurons
Afferent are sensory neurons, carry info from body to central nervous system
Efferent are motor neurons, carry info from CNS to body
Frontal lobe motor functions
Premotor area: plans, movement
Motor area: instigates voluntary movement
Temporal lobe functions
Temples: hearing!
Temper temper: aggression and emotions
Connected to the limbic system
Verbal memory, language comprehension
Parts of the limbic system
Thalamus: sensory relay station
Hypothalamus: endocrine system, ANS
Hippocampus: memory consolidation
Amygdala: emotion. /Emotional memory
Septum inhibits aggression
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
From damage to the amygdala, placidity, apathy, hypersexuality, hyperphagia, agnosis
Basil ganglia functions and parts
Coordinating movement and posture
Goes through basal ganglia before going to the motor cortex
Serves an inhibitory function, stops movement, maintains still posture
Can - Caudate nucleus
Parkinson’s - putamen
Get - globus pallidus
Substantially normal - substantia nigra
Suddenly - subthalamic nucleus
Parkinson’s: in the substantia nigra, difficulty initiating movement
Huntington’s: caudate nucleus and putamen, extraneous movement
Also tourette’s and OCD
Motor functions from cerebellum
Excitatory movement, coordinating muscle activity, balance, equilibrium
Reticular formation
Part of the brain stem
Awareness, attention, sleep
Contains the reticular activating system, which projects to the thalamus, filters info, alertness, sleep, wake
Graves disease
Most common form of hyperthyroidism
Addison’s disease
Under secretion of corticosteroids, inflammation
Cushing’s disease
Over secretion of corticosteroids, depression, irritability, emotional lability, swelling/adiposity
How to differentiate conduction aphasia from wernickes
Able to execute verbal commands
How to differentiate a transcortical aphasia?
Damage outside of main language centers
Same symptoms as other aphasias, except can repeat phrases
Motor: broca symptoms
Sensory: Wernicke symptoms
Mixed: global symptoms
Global aphasia
Most language impaired
Brocas aphasia
Left front al damage
Expressive/motor aphasia
Broken speech
Comprehension is intact
Aware of difficulties
