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mtc > Biological Compounds > Flashcards

Biological Compounds Flashcards

wk 3

1
Q

What is the most important carbohydrate?

A

Glucose- transports energy

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2
Q

What are the four biological compounds?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids

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3
Q

What are the different types of fats?

A

fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids and modified fatty acids.

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4
Q

What are the 4 categories of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

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5
Q

What is the structure of monosaccharides?

A

3 or more carbon atoms where a carbonyl group is bonded to the first carbon

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6
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

glucose. ribose and fructose

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7
Q

What way does an alpha glucose face?

A

down - OH on bottom

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8
Q

what way does beta glucose face?

A

up- OH on top

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9
Q

Describe what is meant by the 1,2 glycosidic linkage of maltose.

A

OH of Carbon 1 reacts/bonds with Caron 4 of other d-glucose.

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10
Q

What are disaccharides and an example.

A

2 monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds. E.g. Sucrose (glucose and fructose)

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11
Q

what are Oligosaccharides?

A

several monosaccharides bound by glycosidic linkages.

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12
Q

What is an example of an oligosaccharide?

A

Starch

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13
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

polymers made up of hundreds and thousands of monosaccharides.

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14
Q

Describe the structure of polysaccharides.

A

Can be branched which will limit no. of H-bonds (starch and glycogen) or unbranched which are chemically stable (cellulose)

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15
Q

If you have a polysaccharide of all alpha glucose how will they be drawn/ orientated?

A

all the SAME way

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16
Q

If you have a polysaccharide of all beta glucose how will they be drawn/ orientated?

A

Alternating

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17
Q

What type of reaction bonds monosaccharides to create the others?

A

condesation reactions

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of hydrocarbons

A

insoluble in water, many covalent bonds.

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19
Q

How are triglycerides made?

A

Glycerol and a fatty acid creating an ester linkage

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20
Q

describe saturated fats

A

No double bonds allowing them to be tightly packed

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21
Q

describe unsaturated fats

A

double bonds creating a kink in the carbon chain

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22
Q

what do phosplipids create that are important to cells?

A

the lipid bilayer. Phosphate + choline = head and fatty acid forms the chain.

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23
Q

differentiate between DNA and RNA

A

DNA sequence carries information that RNA uses to create protein structure.

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24
Q

how many H bonds are there between A and T?

A

two

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25
Q

Which DNA bases are pyrimidine?

A

Cytosine and thymine

26
Q

what type of bond joins strands together and what are they made up of?

A

Phosphodiester bonds- between sugar and phosphate

27
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid?

A

carboxyl and amino functinal group with a R (side chain)

28
Q

What is the most common isomeric form of amino acids?

A

L

29
Q

Describe the peptide linkage that builds amino acid that bonds two amino acids

A

carboxyl of one amino acids undergoes condensation reaction with amino group of the other.

30
Q

what are the six non-polar and aliphatic amino acids?

A

Glycine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine and isoleucine

31
Q

what are the three aromatic ring structure amino acids and their polarity?

A

Phe (non-polar), tyr (polar) and trp (polar)

32
Q

what are the two sulfur containing amino acids?

A

methionine and cystine

33
Q

what is primary structure?

A

order of the amino acid

34
Q

what are the two forms of secondary structure

A

Alpha helix (right handed coil) and beta pleated sheets (2 or more peptide chains aligned)

35
Q

what is tertiary structure?

A

bending and folding to create a 3D shape. Creates an outer surface for the subunits to interact with

36
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Subunits interact via hydrophobic interactions

37
Q

what are the functions of polysaccharides?

A

store energy and provide structural materials

38
Q

what is the function of fats and oils?

A

energy storage

39
Q

what is the function of phospholipids?

A

structural, communication

40
Q

what are the functions of DNA and RNA (nucleic acid)

A

replication, transcription and translation.

41
Q

what are the types of proteins?

A

Enzymes, hormonal and regulatory, receptors, storage, structural, transport and genetic regulatory proteins

42
Q

what is an example of defensive protein, receptor protein and transport protein respectively?

A

antobodies, insulin receptors and haemoglobin.

43
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

UNBRANCHED chains of glucose molecules linked by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

44
Q

What are the glycosidic bonds of Starch?

A

alpha 1,6 and alpha 1,4 linkage

45
Q

what is the glycosidic bond of sucrose?

A

alpha 1,2

46
Q

What is the glycosidic bond of maltose?

A

alpha 1,4 linkage

47
Q

What two monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

alpha and beta glucose

48
Q

what two monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

galactose and glucose

49
Q

what two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

fructose and glucose

50
Q

Describe properties of Secondary structure.

A

It is important to have ability for peptide bonds to form H bonds, the steric influence of amino acid residues and the hydrophobic/philic character.

51
Q

Order to which amino acids are linked together in a protein =

A

primary structure

52
Q

regions of ordered structure =

A

secondary structure

53
Q

What is the strongest form of intermolecular (between atoms) formed involving amino acid serine?

A

hydrogen bond

54
Q

what is DNA made of?

A

nucleotide monophosphates

55
Q

What is a Heterodimeric Protein?

A

two protein subunits that differ from each other

56
Q

What are fats, lipids and steroids made up of in the body?

A

lipids

57
Q

What is the role of polarity in protein structure?

A

polar= charged and hydrophilic, non-polar= uncharged and hydrophobic, H-bonds strongest and proved stability

58
Q

How do amino acids mainatin stability in proteins?

A

Form covalent bond linkages that bind the peptides together.

59
Q

Give four examples of lipids.

A

In vitiman A, phospholipids, triglcerols and steroids

60
Q

How is glucose stored in the body?

A

in glycogen

61
Q

How are fats transported around the body?

A

in lipoproteins

mtc (14 decks)

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