Biological Diversity

Question 1

Taxonomy/classification

Answer 1

Naming and classification of species

Question 2

System of binomial nomenclature

Answer 2

● Two-part name for every organism

● Hierarchical classification of species into broader groups of organisms

Question 3

Taxa

Answer 3

The broader groups of taxa

Question 4

Three-domain system

Answer 4

Organized organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 5

Domain Bacteria

Answer 5

● All are single-celled prokaryotes with no internal membranes
● Some are anaerobes, some are aerobes
● Bacteria play a vital role in the ecosystem as decomposers that recycle dad organic matter
● Many are pathogens, causing disease
● Bacteria play a vital role in genetic engineering (E. coli)
● Some bacteria carry out conjugation, a primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material
● Some carry out photosynthesis, bt others do not
● Viruses are placed here

Question 6

Domain Archaea

Answer 6

● Unicellular
● prokaryotic–ni internal membranes
● Includes extremophiles, organisms that live in extreme environments

Question 7

Methanogens

Answer 7

● Belong to Domain Archaea

● Obtain eneergy in a unique way by producing methane from hydrogen

Question 8

Halophiles

Answer 8

● Belong to Domain Archaea

● Thrive in environemnts with high salt concerntrations

Question 9

Thermophiles

Answer 9

● Belong to Domain Archae

● Thrive in very high temperatures

Question 10

Domain Eukarya

Answer 10

● Includes four of the original kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
● All organisms have a nucleus and internal organelles

Question 11

Systematics

Answer 11

● Replaced taxonomy
● Includes taxonomy but considers biological diversity in an evolutionary context
● Focuses on tracing the ancestry of organisms

Question 12

Kingdom Protista

Answer 12

● Includes the widest variety of organisms, but all are eukaryotes
● Includs organisms that do not fit into the fungi or plant kingdoms
● Consists of single and primitive multicelled organisms
● Includs heterotrophs and autotrophs
● Protozoans are classified by how they move: pseudopods, cilia, flagella
● Some carry out conjugation
● Some cause serious diseases

Question 13

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 13

● All are heterotrophs and eukaryotes
● Secrete hydrolytic enzymes outsid the body where extracellular digestion occurs, then the building blocks of the nutrients are absorbed intot he body of the fingus by diffusion
● Are important in the ecosystem as decomposers
● Cell walls are composed of chitin, not cellulose

Question 14

Kingdom Plantae

Answer 14

● All are autotrophic eukaryotes

● Some plants hae vascular tissue, some do not

Question 15

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 15

● All are heterotrophic, multicellualr eukaryotes
● Are grouped in 35 phyla, 9 main ones are Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata
● Most animals reproduce sexually with a dominant diploid stage
● In most species, a small, flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile egg
● Monophyletic–all animal lineages can be traced back to one common ancestor
● Classified by anatomical features, DNA data, and embryonic dvelopment

Question 16

Cell

Answer 16

Basic unit of all forms of life

Question 17

Tissues

Answer 17

A group of similar cells tha tperform a particular function

Question 18

Organ

Answer 18

A group of tissues htat work together to perform related functions

Question 19

Germ layers

Answer 19

● Main layers that form various tissues and organs of the body
● Formed early in embryonic development as a result of gastrulation
● Complex animals are triplobalstic

Question 20

Ectoderm

Answer 20

● Outermost layer

● Becomes hte skin and nervous ystem, including nerve cord and brain

Question 21

Endoderm

Answer 21

● Innermost lyaer

● Becomes the viscera (guts) or the digestive system

Question 22

Mesoderm

Answer 22

● Middle layer

● Becomes the blood and bones

Question 23

Diploblastic

Answer 23

● Two germ layers
● Primitive animals like Porifera and Cnidarians
● Their bodies consists of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoglea (middle glue), which connects hte two layers together

Question 24

Bilateral symmetry

Answer 24

● Most sophisticated animals exhibit bilateral symmetry whereas primitive animals exhibit no symmetry or radial symmetry
● The body is organized along a longitudinal axis with right and left sides that mirror each other

Question 25

Cephalization

Answer 25

● Development of a head end ● Sensory apparatus and a brain clustered at hte anterior while digestive, excretory, and reproductive are located posterior ● Enables animals to move faster to flee or to capture prey more effectively

Question 26

Anterior

Answer 26

Front end

Question 27

Posterior

Answer 27

Rear end

Question 28

Phylogeny

Answer 28

The evolutionary history of relationships of animsls

Question 29

Phylogenetic tree/cladogram

Answer 29

● Diagrammatic reconstruction of evolutionary history ● Used to be based on morphology and physical behaviors ● Noww constructed based on DNA and evolutionary relationships

Question 30

Principle of maximum parsimony

Answer 30

States that one should follow the simplest explanation that coincides with the facts

Question 31

Ingroups

Answer 31

The organisms of interest

Question 32

Outgroup

Answer 32

● Organism of reference | ● The group that diverged before the lineage evolved

Question 33

Node

Answer 33

● When two lineages diverge, the split is depicted is known as a node

Question 34

Shared ancestral trait/character

Answer 34

● Traits that all animals share

Question 35

Clade

Answer 35

Lineage

Question 36

Shared derived trait/character

Answer 36

New trait that is not shared with their ancestors

Question 37

List the taxa from general to the specific.

Answer 37

``` ● Kingdom ● Phylum ● Class ● Order ● Family ● Genus ● Species ```

Question 38

What are the features for Bacteria Domain?

Answer 38

``` ● No membrane-enclosed organelles ● Peptidoglycan in cell wall ● One type of RNA polymerase ● No introns ● Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin, cloramphenicol inhibited ```

Question 39

What are the features for Archaea Domain?

Answer 39

``` ● No membrane-enclosed organelles ● No peptidoglycan in cell wall ● Several kinds of RNA polymerase ● Some genes have introns ● Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin, cloramphenicol not inhibited ```

Question 40

What are the features for Eukaryotes Domain?

Answer 40

``` ● Membrane-encolsed organelles ● No peptidoglycan in cell wall ● Several kinds of RNA polymerase ● Have introns present ● Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin, chloramphenicol not inhibited ```

Question 41

What are some trends in animal development from the primitive to the complex?

Answer 41

● Bilateral symmetry with a head end and complex sensory apparatus ● Cephalization (head formation) ● Three cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm (triploblastic) ● True tissues, organs, and organ systems ● Life on land and all the modification it requires ● Motile ● Many organ systems and much specialization

Question 42

Why is echinoderms an exception to symmetry rule?

Answer 42

The echinoderms exhibit bilateral symmetry only as larvae and revert to radial symmetry as adults