biological joint infections

Question 1

how can joints become infected

Answer 1

haematogenous route
directly following trauma or surgery

Question 2

describe reactive arthritis

Answer 2

occurs due to enteric bacteria infections
pathogen responsible is at a distant site
usually more than one joint is affected

Question 3

what is septic arthritis

Answer 3

infection of the joints causing arthritis
circulating bacteria sometimes localise in joints especially following trauma

Question 4

5 risk factors for septic arthritis

Answer 4

age >80, children
joint damage from arthritis
prosthetic joint
skin infection
immunosuppression

Question 5

what are the symptoms of SA

Answer 5

fever
joint pain
limitation of movement
swelling
joint effusion

Question 6

what is the pathology of SA

Answer 6

haematogenous
dissemination of osteomyelitis
spread from adjacent soft tissue
puncture or injections
penetrating trauma

Question 7

what is paediatric SA and why does is happen

Answer 7

children often have coexisting SA and osteomyelitis
thin bony cortex and loose periosteum
blood vessels that connect the metaphysis and epiphysis serve as a conduit by which bone infection may easily reach the joint space

Question 8

what is osteomyelitis

Answer 8

bone can become infected haematogenously or by adjacent infection
typically involves growing end of a long bone where sprouting capillary loops adjacent to epiphyseal growth plates promote the localization of circulating bacteria
results in a painful tender bone lesion and a general febrile illness

Question 9

how is osteomyelitis diagnosed

Answer 9

clinical: painful joints during exam or while taking history
microbial/radiological: normally through plainfilm - periosteal reaction and bone loss may be visible radiologically blood cultures/bone biopsy

Question 10

what is septic bursitis

Answer 10

superfical bursae are commonly affected
underlying joint infection is not common
acute or repetitive trauma
staph aureas
can be treated by drainage or antibiotics

Question 11

what is prosthetic joint infection

Answer 11

early or late onset
bacterial adhesion to biomaterial
cant be treated without removing material
DAIR procedure: debridement, antibiotics, irrigation, retention
two-stage revision
12 weeeks of antibiotics
high level of resistance
formation of BIOFILMS

Question 12

what is arthrocentesis

Answer 12

a procedure used to remove synovia fluid accumulated around joints