Biological Macromolecules

Question 1

Polymer of amino acids

Answer 1

Protein

Question 2

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

Answer 2

1) DNA
2) RNA

Question 3

-deoxyribonucleicacid
-Genetic material

Answer 3

DNA

Question 4

-ribonucleic acid
-Converting genetic code into proteins

Answer 4

RNA

Question 5

Area of chromosome that codes for a peptide chain

Answer 5

Gene

Question 6

Sticking coding sections back together

Answer 6

Splicing

Question 7

Hydrated carbon Cn(H2O)n

Answer 7

Carbohydrate

Question 8

Long carbon chains with an acid and and no branches

Answer 8

Fatty acid

Question 9

No carbon to carbon double bond

Answer 9

Saturated fatty acid

Question 10

What are more double bond

Answer 10

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 11

What 4 chromosomal DNA is not coding

Answer 11

Junk DNA
Pseudogenes
Viral remnants
Regulartory elements

Question 12

What are the 3 types of membrane lipids

Answer 12

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol

Question 13

-catalysts
* enzymes speed up reactions
-Detect chemicals
* receptors
-Transport
* in and out of cells
* around body
-Storage
* in cells
-Structural
* Cell skeleton
* hair and nails
-energy source
* protein - 4kcal/g

Answer 13

Protein uses

Question 14

-20 types
-Alpha carbon connected to amine, carboxylic acid, & hydrogen
-1 variable part
* the side chain
*R group

Answer 14

What is an amino acid?

Question 15

1)acid reacts with amine
* dehydration/condensation
* lose water
2) amino acids linked= peptide
* protein>50 amino acids
3) N-terminal end= beginning of chain
4) C-terminal end= end of chain

Answer 15

How to make a protein

Question 16

Structure determines function
-4 levels of structure
1) primary-sequence of amino acids
2) secondary= organized shapes of subsections of sequence
3) tertiary= 3-D shape of entire protein
* always the same for a given protein
4) Quaternary= proteins that contain multiple peptide chains
* each chain= a sub unit
* different chains come from different genes

Answer 16

Protein structure

Question 17

-genetic material
-Various processes involve in going from genetic material to protein
-not considered a nutrient

Answer 17

Nucleic acid uses

Question 18

-polymers of nucleotides
-linear
* nucleotides linked end to end to end
* DNA= double stranded
*double helix
*RNA= SINGLE STRANDED
* multiple types

Answer 18

What is DNA/RNA

Question 19

-combination of three molecules
* base
* info containing component
*3 pyrimidimes
1) cytosine
2) thymine (Only DNA)
3) uracil (only RNA)
*2 purines
1) Adenine
2)guanine
* phosphate
* sugar
* DNA
* RNA

Answer 19

What is a nucleotide?

Question 20

-Phosphate forms bridge between sugars
*3’ carbon on sugar linked to 5’ carbon on next
*5’ end= start
*3’ end= end of chain

Answer 20

Making RNA/DNA

Question 21

-base pairing
* hydrogen bonds
*guanine with cytosine
*adenine with thymine
-anti-parallel

Answer 21

DNA double helix

Question 22

-1 DNA double helix molecule
* wrapped around special proteins, called histones
-humans have 24 DNA molecules
-Humans have 23 chromosome pairs in all cells
* XX= female
* XY= male

Answer 22

What is a chromosome?

Question 23

-sequences of 3 nucleotides that code for amino acids
-universal/same in all species
-degenerate
* most amino acids have more than one code
-continuous
-non-overlapping
*ABCDEF = ABC, DEF
NOU
ABC, BCD,CDE

Answer 23

The genetic code

Question 24

-polymorphisms
* differences in nucleotide sequence
can be benign or disease causing
pseudogenes
*snp’s
single nucleotide polymorphisms
>1% of population
sickle cell anaemia
* single nucleotide variant
* basis of forensic DNA test

Answer 24

Genetic variability

Question 25

-replication * making a copy of DNA * needed for cell division -transcription * making RNA version of DNA * first part of gene —> protein -Translation * making protein from RNA

Answer 25

Gene related process

Question 26

-semiconservative * one strand maintained * one synthesized new -Template driven * maintained strand provides instruction for enzyme -DNA polymerase= main enzyme * proofreading ability

Answer 26

Replication

Question 27

- generates mRNA * messenger RNA * a copy of Cohen, strand of DNA -template driven -DNA polymerase= main enzyme * no proofreading

Answer 27

Transcription

Question 28

-mRNA -> protein -genes have coding and non-coding sections * coding= exons * non-coding=introns -Intron have to be cut out * pre-mRNA -> mature RNA *splicing = sticking coating sections back together -genetic code of mature mRNA read at ribosome * generate protein * involves tRNA and rRNA Transfer RNA -brings incorrect amino acid Ribosome RNA

Answer 28

Translation

Question 29

-monomer= monosaccharide * glucose, fructose * form rings structures -polymers often branch -polymers may consist of a single monomer -different enzyme required for every addition * sugar is being joined -complicated

Answer 29

Cyclone & polymerize of sugars

Question 30

-EPO (erythropoietin) * stimulates red blood cell production * treatment of anaemia * protein produced in microbes -collagen * arthritis means changes in collagen structure -mucous -blood groups *type O = universal red blood cell donor *type AB= universal red blood cell receptor -flu virus * virus protein (hemagglutinin) find sialic acid on host cells, allows virus entry, virus propagates, second protein cuts off sialic acid, allows virus to infect other cells, inhibit second protein

Answer 30

Her monosaccharides can be modified

Question 31

-Energy and nutrient storage -Structural: membranes and physical barrier to free movement -signaling molecules -hormones * prostaglandins, leukotrienes * cannabinoids * steroids -binding sites

Answer 31

Uses of fat/lipids

Question 32

-phospholipids *2x fatty acids * phosphate * glycerol * alcohol -glycolipids *1 fatty acid *sphingosine *1 or more sugar -Cholesterol

Answer 32

What are membrane lipids?

Question 33

-do not polymerize * cluster together to avoid water * saturated can snuggle closer together * more rigid membrane * unsaturated - have kinks

Answer 33

Making a membrane

Question 34

-derived from fatty acids in membrane phospholipids * prostaglandins/leikotrienes/cannabinoid -Derived from cholesterol * steroid hormone *corticosterone * sex hormones * bile acids

Answer 34

Lipid hormones