Biological Macromolecules (Chapter 3)

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

Large polymers that synthesized by linking individual monomers (small molecules with similar chemical subunits)

Question 2

Polymers are formed by?

Answer 2

Dehydration synthesis, which is the formation of large molecules by the removal of water

Question 3

Polymers are broken down by?

Answer 3

Hydrolysis, which is the breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water

Question 4

Carbohydrates

Question 5

Nucleotides

Answer 5

-They are composed of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
-Connected by phosphodiester bonds

Question 6

Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid

Answer 6

DNA encodes the information for the amino acid sequence of proteins
-Normally double stranded

Ribonucleic Acid is simply a “carbon copy” of DNA that acts as an intermediate between DNA and the ribosomes that build proteins.
-Normally single stranded

Question 7

Proteins

Answer 7

They are enzymatic catalysis of chemical reactions.
-Transport
-Support
-Motion
-Regulation
-Storage

Question 8

Amino Acids

Answer 8

There are 20 different amino acids that are encoded by eukaryotic genetic code.

They are joined by dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds.

Question 9

Conformation

Answer 9

The shape of a protein determines its function. Any change in conformation translates into either a gain or loss of function.

Question 10

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Answer 10

1. Primary structure
2. Secondary structure
3. Tertiary structure
4. Quaternary structure

Question 11

Primary Structure & Secondary Structure

Answer 11

1. The sequence of amino acids
2. The interaction of groups in the peptide backbone.

Question 12

Tertiary structure & Quaternary Structure

Answer 12

3. The final folded shape of a globular protein. It is the final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain.
4. The arrangement of individual chains (subunits) in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains.

Question 13

Motifs and Domains

Answer 13

Motifs are small common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides.

Domains are functional units within a larger structure.

Question 14

Chaperones

Answer 14

Chaperone proteins (called chaperoning) help protein fold correctly by preventing polypeptide aggregation, and by providing an environment that promotes the ideal folding pattern.

Question 15

Protein loss of structure and function due to changes in pH, temperature, and/or iconic concentration of solutions is called

Answer 15

Denaturation

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

-Are loosely defined as molecules that are insoluble in water
-They have a high proportion of non polar C-H bonds that cause them to be hydrophobic.

Question 17

Most fats and oils are

Answer 17

Triglycerides
-Triglycerides are composed of 1 glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids by dehydration synthesis.

Question 18

Fatty acid chains may also be

Answer 18

Saturated or unsaturated.

Question 19

Saturated means

Answer 19

No double bond between carbon atoms, and higher melting point

Question 20

Unsaturated means

Answer 20

1 or more double bonds, and low melting point

Question 21

Trans-fats, despite being unsaturated, have a structure that resembles that of

Answer 21

Saturated fats

Question 22

Phospholipids are composed of glycerol molecules attached to

Answer 22

-Two fatty acids (nonpolar “tails”), and a phosphate group (polar “head”)

Question 23

Amphipathic molecules placed in an aqueous environment spontaneously orient their polar (hydrophilic) head toward the outside and non polar (hydrophobic) tails toward each other, thereby forming

Answer 23

Micelles

Question 24

What is Sucrose composed of?

Answer 24

Glucose + Fructose