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Aqa A-level Biology > Biological Molecules 1 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a polymer

A

Large complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together

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2
Q

What type of reaction forms polymers

A

Condensation reaction ( removal of a water molecule)

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3
Q

What type of reaction breaks down polymers

A

Hydrolysis ( addition of a water molecule)

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4
Q

What elements make up a carbohydrate molecule

A

Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon

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5
Q

What are the monomers that carbohydrates are made from

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

Give examples of some monosaccharides

A

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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7
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

Two monomers joined together via a condensation reaction

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8
Q

What bond forms between two monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bonds

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9
Q

Give examples of disaccharides and there monosaccharides

A

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose =Maltose
Alpha glucose + fructose =Sucrose
Alpha glucose + galactose =Lactose

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10
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

When more than two monosaccharides are joined together via a condensation reaction ,
Forming glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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12
Q

What is the structure and the functions of starch

A

Amylose
Structure = long unbranched chain of alpha glucose.
Coiled structure
Function = this makes it really compact and so is therefore a good storage molecule because it can fit in small spaces

Amylopectin
Structure = long branched chains of alpha glucose
Function = branched chains allow for enzymes to breach down the molecules easily because of the glycosidic bond is more exposed . Meaning glucose and be released more easily.

Insoluble in water so doesn’t affect water potential ,therefore is a good storage molecule.

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of glycogen

A

Structure = a polysaccharide of alpha glucose with lots of side chains
Function= this means that enzyme’s can easily access the bonds to break them meaning it can be a quick real ease of energy .
It is also a very compact molecule which is good for storage.

Important energy store in animals.

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of cellulose

A

Structure =long unbranched chain of beta glucose. Bonded together to form straight chains .
These straight chains are held together by hydrogen bonds forming microfibrils
Function =these strong fibres means that cellulose provide structural support for plants in the cell walls

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15
Q

What is the test for starch

A

Iodine solution test

Positive =blue-black
Negative=browny-orange

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16
Q

What are the main two types of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids

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17
Q

What molecules make up a triglyceride

A

One glycerol molecule
Three fatty acids molecules

18
Q

What is special about the fatty acid tails on triglycerides

A

They are hydrophobic so repel water

19
Q

What does the fatty acid tail make a triglyceride

A

Insoluble in water

20
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids

A

Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids

21
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid

A

When the R group of the fatty acid only contains single bonds

22
Q

How are triglyceride formed

A

Condensation reaction

23
Q

What bonds form between molecules in a triglyceride

A

Ester bonds

24
Q

What makes up a phospholipid

A

One glycerol molecule
Two fatty acid molecules
One phosphate group

25
Q

What is special about the phosphate group

A

It is hydrophilic ( attracts water )

26
Q

What is special about the fatty acid molecules

A

They are hydrophobic ( repel water )

27
Q

What is the main usage of triglyceride

A

Energy storage molecule
Insoluble in water so they don’t effect water potential
Hydrophobic tails face inwards

28
Q

What are the main properties of phospholipids

A

Make a phospholipids bilayer
With hydrophobic tails inwards
With hydrophilic heads facing outwards

29
Q

What is the test for lipids

A

Emulsion test
Shake substances in a test tube with ethanol
Then add to water
Positive test = produced a milky emulsion

30
Q

What are the monomer of proteins

A

Amino acids

31
Q

What is formed when two amino acids join together

A

Dipeptide

32
Q

What are many amino acids bonded together known as ?

A

Polypeptide

33
Q

What is the general structure of an amino acid

A

A carboxyl group (COOH) an amine group (NH2) and a variable R group

34
Q

What reaction joins two amino acids together

A

Condensation reaction

35
Q

What bonds form between amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

36
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein

A

The basic sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

37
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins

A

When hydrogen bonds form between the amino acid chain , forming a basic shape , cooling into an alpha helix or folded into a beta pleated sheet

38
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

The overall 3D shape of the protein where more bonds form between different sections of the of the polypeptide chain ,
Such as :
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bridges

39
Q

What is the Quaternary structure of a protein

A

The way the 3D polypeptide chains are assembled together , the overall final 3D shape ( not all proteins have a quaternary structure , only if it contains more than one polypeptide chain )

40
Q

Give examples of proteins in the body

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Structural proteins ( Keratin )
Transport proteins

41
Q

What is the test for proteins

A

Biuret test
Add sodium hydroxide solution
Then add copper sulfate solution
Positive = purple

Aqa A-level Biology (9 decks)

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