Biological Molecules

Question 1

A monosaccharide is a ____ sugar? name 3 examples

Answer 1

Simple. Glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 2

When two monosaccharides are joined, they form? Give 3 examples.

Answer 2

Disaccharides. Maltose, sucrose and lactose

Question 3

Complex sugars are called? include 3 examples.

Answer 3

Polysaccharides. Starch, glycogen and cellulose

Question 4

Name two monosaccharides that are common in the body

Answer 4

Pentose (5C) and Hexose (6C) sugars

Question 5

State the main function of carbohydrates in the diet.

Answer 5

To provide glucose used to produce cellular energy (ATP)

Question 6

Define the term hydrolysis

Answer 6

A chemical change which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by reaction with water

Question 7

Name the enzymes for sucrose, maltose and lactose

Answer 7

Sucrase, maltase and lactase

Question 8

What do enzymes do?

Answer 8

Break down complex sugars into simple sugars for absorption into the bloodstream

Question 9

What does polymer mean?

Answer 9

Many units

Question 10

Proteins are polymers, what is the repeating unit of a protein called?

Answer 10

Amino Acids

Question 11

A peptide is _____ than 50 amino acids joined in a chain

Answer 11

Less

Question 12

What is the name of more than 50 amino acids joined in a chain?

Answer 12

A protein

Question 13

The ________ and ______ of amino acids determine a protein’s structure.

Answer 13

Arrangement, number

Question 14

There are 3 structures of a protein, name them and briefly describe the difference between each

Answer 14

Primary - the order of AA in the protein chain. Secondary - arrangement/shape of the chain. Tertiary - completed 3D shape, a biologically active protein.

Question 15

Name and describe the function of at least 2 proteins found in the body including enzymes.

Answer 15

Collagen - provides strength, Haemoglobin - transports oxygen
Enzymes - break down substances. eg. maltase breaks down maltose.

Question 16

Triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids are all?

Answer 16

Lipids

Question 17

True/False, most lipids are soluble in water?

Answer 17

False, most are not soluble in water - are hydrophobic

Question 18

What are triglycerides?

Answer 18

Fats and oils

Question 19

What is the structure of triglycerides?

Answer 19

“backbone” of Glycerol with 3 fatty acid molecules attached

Question 20

What are the functions of tryglycerides?

Answer 20

Protection from knocks and bumps
Energy source + storage
Insulation from the cold

Question 21

Describe the differences between fats and oils

Answer 21

Fats - tend to be animal in origin, solid at room temperature & more saturated fatty acids.
Oils - tend to be plant/vegetable origin, liquid at room temperature & more unsaturated fatty acids

Question 22

What is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 22

Production of cell membranes.

Question 23

Describe the simplified structure of a phospholipid

Answer 23

Polar head, lipid tails, polar head - creating phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane

Question 24

Cholesterol is?

Answer 24

A steroid in the body

Question 25

Name some examples of steroids in the body

Answer 25

Bile salts, vitamin D, steroid hormones - testosterone, oestrogen, aldosterone, progesterone.

Question 26

In the intestine, triglyceride molecules are digested by hydrolysis using an enzyme called ____ into _____ and ____ ____ ____

Answer 26

Lipase, two fatty acids

Question 27

______ break proteins into _____ which are then broken down into ____ ____ by enzymes called ________.

Answer 27

Proteases, peptides, amino acids, peptidases.

Question 28

Starch is broken down by the enzyme ______ to maltose.

Answer 28

Amylase

Question 29

Sucrose is broken down by _____ which leaves _____ + ______

Answer 29

Sucrase. glucose + fructose

Question 30

Lactose is broken down by _____ which leaves _____ + ______

Answer 30

Lactase, glucose + galactose

Question 31

Maltose is broken down by _____ which leaves _____ + ______

Answer 31

Maltase, glucose + glucose