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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Polymer

A

Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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2
Q

Amino acid

Central what atom, bonded to what, acid, atom and group?

A
  • Monomer which makes proteins
  • Has a central carbon atom which is bonded to a carboxylic acids, an amino, a hydrogen atom and a r-group
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3
Q

Condensation reaction

A

2 molecules combine to form a more complex one with an elimination of a simple substance like water

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3
Q

Covalent bond

A

Chemical bond where 2 atoms share a pair of electrons

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4
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaking down of large molecules into **smaller **ones by the addition of water molecules

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5
Q

Monosaccharide

_ plus lactose= maltose

A

A single sugar e.g glucose

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6
Q

Nucleotide

What base, sugar linked to what group, forms what of what?

A
  • Compound consisting of an organic base and ribose sugar linked to a phosphate group
  • form monomers of nucleic acids
  • e.g DNA
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7
Q

Organic molecule

contains what, and examples?

A
  • Molecules containing carbon, found in living things
  • e.g carbohydrate, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
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8
Q

CARBOHYDRATES - monomer, chemical bond, polymer and example?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • glycosididc bond
  • polysaccharides
  • glycogen (animals)
  • celluose (plants)
  • starch (plants)
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9
Q

PROTEINS - monomer, chemical bond, polymer and example?

A
  • amino acids
  • peptide bond
  • polypeptide
  • enzymes
  • antibodies
  • channel proteins
  • haemoglobin
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10
Q

NUCLEIC ACIDS - monomer, chemical bond, polymer and example?

A
  • nucleotides
  • phosphodiester bond
  • polynucleotide
  • DNA
  • RNA
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11
Q

How is: maltose, lactose and sucrose made?

A
  • glucose + glucose
  • glucose + galactose
  • glucose + fructose
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12
Q

How are dissacharides formed?

A

condensation reaction

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of sugar molecules?

A
  • Hexose sugar
  • Pentose sugar
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14
Q

What type of sugar is glucose and what can it form?

what are the two glucoses?

A

Hexose sugar and forms isomers
* alpha glucose
* beta glucose

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15
Q

What are the 3 common dissacharides?

A
  • maltose
  • lactose
  • sucrose
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16
Q

Glycosidic bond

bond between what, where is found?

A

Bond between sugar molecules in dissacharides and polysaccharides

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17
Q

Hydrogen bond

What bond, what charge on what atom?

A

Chemical bond formed between the positive charge on a hydrogen atom and a negative charge on another atom (-O&+H)

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18
Q

Isomer

no. of, whats same, whats different

A

2+ compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms - different properties

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19
Q

Monomer

A

Smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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20
Q

Non-reducing sugar

What can’t it do and an example?

A

Can’t donate electrons and can’t be oxidised
* e.g sucrose

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21
Q

Reducing sugar

What does it serve as?

A

Sugar that serves as a reducing agent

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22
Q

STARCH - what’s it made out of and comprised of?

  • where’s it found, made up of and comprised of?
Study These Flashcards
A
  • polysaccharide found in plant cell
  • made up of alpha-glucose
  • comprised of amylose and amylopectin
23
Q

Polysaccharide

What reaction and joined by what bond?

Study These Flashcards
A

Many sugar units formed by condensation reaction - monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic bonds

23
Alpha and beta glucose ## Footnote what is it of glucose that can bond to form what?
An isomer of glucose that can bond together to form starch/ glycogen or cellulose
24
Cellulose ## Footnote - what saccharide is it made of what, what glycosidic bonds does it have?
* polysaccharide made up of beta glucose * 1-4 glycosidic bonds
25
Glucose ## Footnote - Formula, used in what?
C6H12O6 - single sugar used in respiration
26
Glycogen ## Footnote - what saccaharide, made up of which glucose and has what glycosidic bonds?
Highly branched polysaccharide, made up of alpha glucose Has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
27
CARBOHYDRATES - STARCH ## Footnote Is it alpha or beta glucose, what is it a mixture of / structure?
- alpha glucose - 2 polysaccharides * amylose and amylopectin * amylose: long unbranched chain that forms a spring shape * amylopectin: long branched chain
28
CARBOHYDRATES - STARCH ## Footnote What are the properties of amylose and amylopectin?
Amylose: the coiling increases the storage and keeps it compact Amylopectin: the branches increase surface area, allowing enzymes to hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds - allowing the quick release of glucose
29
CARBOHYDRATES - STARCH ## Footnote What are the uses of amylose and amylopectin?
Amylose: Plants use this as a way to store excess glucose - too large and insoluble so doesn't affect water potential Amylopectin: Can be hydrolysed to release glucose for respiration
30
CARBOHYDRATES - GLYCOGEN ## Footnote Is it an alpha or beta glucose, what is its structure, glycosidic bonds?
- alpha glucose - long, branched chain with lots of side branches - 1-6 glycosidic bonds
31
CARBOHYDRATES - GLYCOGEN ## Footnote What are the properties?
- these branches increase surface area for enzymes to hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds - allowing quick release of glucose - compact molecule for storage
32
CARBOHYDRATES - GLYCOGEN ## Footnote What are the uses?
- Animals store excess glucose as glycogen in muscles and in the liver - Glycogen is an energy store, it can be hydrolysed for quick release of glucose for respiration
33
CARBOHYDRATES - CELLULOSE ## Footnote Is it an alpha or beta glucose, what is its structure/ glycosidic bonds/ bonds are _ form what?
- Beta glucose - long unbranched straigh chains - 1-4 glycosidic bonds - The celluose chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds in each chain to form thicker chains - microfibrils - Hydrogen bonds are weak
34
CARBOHYDRATES - CELLULOSE ## Footnote What are its properties?
- Hydrogen bonds make the microfibrils strong but flexible, allowing them to provide support
35
CARBOHYDRATES- CELLULOSE ## Footnote What are its uses?
- Major structural components in the cell walls of plants - provides support and allows cells to become turgid
36
Glycerol ## Footnote Combines with what to form what, what are the chains and groups?
- Molecule that combines with 3 fatty acids to form triglycerides - 3 carbon chain with 3 hydroxyl groups
37
Hydrophillic
Section of a molecule which is attracted to water
38
Hydrophobic
Section of a molecule which is repulsed by water
39
Lipid ## Footnote What compounds are they, insoluble/soluble in, examples?
- Organic compounds - insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents - e.g triglycerides, phosolipids, waxes and steroids
40
Triglyceride ## Footnote made up of what molecule and chains, contains what bonds?
Indiviusal lipid molecule made up of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains, containing ester bonds
41
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids ## Footnote What chain that posses what chain with what bond between what atom?
Fatty acid that possess a carbon chain with a single bond between carbon atoms
42
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids ## Footnote What chain that posses what chain with what bond between what atom?
Fatty acids that possess a carbon chain with many double bonds between the carbon atoms
43
Saturated fatty acid ## Footnote What bond between what atom?
Fatty acid with no double bonds between the carbon atoms
44
Phospholipid ## Footnote What is it replaced by, important for what?
- Trigylceride where 1/3 fatty acid molecules is replaced by a phosphate group - Important for plasma membranes
45
LIPIDS - TRIGLYCERIDES ## Footnote Whats are its components?
Glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains
46
LIPIDS - TRIGLYCERIDES ## Footnote What is the bond, how is it formed, _ polar?
- Ester bond formed by condensation between each of the OH groups on the glycerol and the OH groups of each fatty acid chain - non polar
47
LIPIDS - TRIGLYCERIDES ## Footnote What are its properties?
- Fatty acids chains are hydrohphobic which makes lipids insoluble - Bundle together as insoluble droplets as the tails face inwards and the glycerol head shields them from the water - Hydrocarbon fatty acid chains can be unsaturated
48
LIPIDS - TRIGLYCERIDES ## Footnote Example?
- Energy store as a lot of energy is released when the fatty acid chains are broken down
49
LIPIDS - PHOSPHOLIPIDS ## Footnote What are its components?
Glycerol molecule, a phosphate group and 2 fatty acid chains
50
LIPIDS - PHOSPHOLIPIDS ## Footnote What are its bonds?
- Ester bond formed by condensation between each of the OH groups on the glycerol and the OH groups of each fatty acid chain
51
LIPIDS - PHOSPHOLIPIDS ## Footnote What are its properties?
- Phosphate group is hydrophillic - Fatty acid chain are hydrophobic - allows phospholipid to form bilayers - Bilayers: make membranes in and around cells
52
LIPIDS - PHOSPHOLIPIDS ## Footnote Examples?
- Membranes - Hormones e.g testosterone
53
LIPIDS - PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER ## Footnote Heads/tails hydro phobic/phillic? What happens when placed in water?
- Head are hydrophillic and tails are hydrophobic - Placed into water - forms a double layer with heads facing outwards and tails inwards
54
LIPIDS - PHOSPHOLIPIDS BILAYER ## Footnote Centre of bilayer is... this creates...
- Centre of bilayer is hydrophobic - water solubles can't easily pass through - Creates a barrier and allows serperation of solutions - Creating different conditions on either side of the membrane

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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