Biological Molecules Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Ionic Bonds
A
A bond between a very electronegative atom and a very electropositive atom, NaCl
2
Q
Covalent bonds
A
A bond between two atoms with close electronegativities sharing an electron. H-H
3
Q
Results of DNA transcription
A
tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA
4
Q
tRNA
A
Amino acid adapter
5
Q
rRNA
A
ribosome maker
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Q
mRNA
A
code templates
7
Q
RNA function
A
makes structural, regulatory, transporter proteins, and enzymes
8
Q
Nucleotide
A
Building block of DNA and RNA, made of a nitrogenous base attached to a pentose attached to a phosphate group
9
Q
Enzyme function
A
Speed up chemical reactions, and perform metabolism on anything less than 1000 atoms
10
Q
Metabolism
A
the chemical reactions in a cell that changes food into energy
11
Q
Nitrogenous bases in DNA
A
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)
12
Q
Nitrogenous bases in RNA
A
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)
13
Q
Pentose
A
A sugar, either deoxyribose in DNA, or ribose in RNA
14
Q
Hydrocarbon
A
Chains of only carbon and hydrogen
15
Q
Cholesterol
A
A lipid in all cell membranes that maintains membrane fluidity
16
Q
Estradiol (Steriod)
A
A sex hormone made using cholesterol as a starting molecule
17
Q
Testosterone (Steriod)
A
Another sex hormone made using cholesterol as a starting molecule
18
Q
Hydroxyl group
A
A very polar functional group (OH-), compound name - alcohol
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Q
Carbonyl group
A
Functional group (C=O),Compound name- ketone when in middle, aldehyde when at the end, very polar, sugars with ketones called ketosis, sugars with aldehydes called aldoses
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Q
Carboxyl group
A
Functional group COOH, acts acidic and very polar, compound name carboxylic acid
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Q
Amino group
A
functional group (NH2) Acts as a base, compound name amine
22
Q
Sulfhydryl group
A
Functional group (SH-) also written as (HS-), moderately polar , react with each other to from bridges that stabilize protein structure. Compound name - Thiol
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Phosphate group
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Functional group (PO4) Very polar, contributes a negative charge, lets molecules react with water and release energy. Compound name - Organic Phosphate
24
Q
Methyl Group
A
Functional group CH3, affects the expression of genes on DNA and proteins on RNA, affects shape and function of sex hormones, Compound name - Methylated compound
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Fluidity
More double bonds less fluidity, Testosterone, Estradiol and Benzene, most to least fluidity
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Acetylcholine
Communication between nerves and muscles
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Inositol triphosphate
Internal cellular communication molecule
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Monomer of Polysaccharides
Sugar
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Monomer of Polypeptides and Proteins
Amino acids
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Monomer of Fats and Phospholipids
Glycerol and Fatty acids
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Monomer of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
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Dehydration Synthesis/Reaction
A reaction that links monomers by making one monomer hydroxyl group lose an hydrogen and the other hydroxyl group join the hydrogen and become water, removing a water and forming a new bond between monomers
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Hydrolysis
Adding a water molecule to split a polymer into two monomers, opposite of Dehydration reaction
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Sugar Components
All sugars have a carbonyl group, they vary in carbon number, carbonyl location (Stereo isomer) , hydroxyl symmetry (Structural Isomer), lots of hydroxyl
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Monosaccharide
A sugar, glucose, 6 carbon chain, 5 hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid
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How does glucose open and close
1st and fifth carbon combine to close the ring and move hydroxyl from fifth to first. Opened by a monomer, when open C4 and C5 connection can rotate
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Alpha vs Beta Glucose
if hydroxyl formed when glucose closes points up its alpha, if it points down its beta
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Dissacharides
Two Monosaccharides (Glucose) linked together through dehydration synthesis, 1st and 4th carbons are linked by an oxygen covalent bond.
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Maltose
A disaccharide used in the formation of beer
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Lactose intolerance
Beta linkage in milk is hard to break, broken by enzymes made in childhood of animals and life of humans. Lactose intolerance is only having this enzyme in childhood
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Oligosaccharides
Means few sugars, small sugars stuck on the outside of lipid and protein membranes to act as an identifier
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Fructans
An oligosaccharide
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Galacto-oligosaccharide
An oligosaccharide
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Types of Storage Polysaccharides found in animal tissue
Starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
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Storage Polysaccharide
Hold lots of glucose, can be broken down to provide glucose
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Cellulose
A polysaccharide that plays a structural role in plant cell walls, cable like structure
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Chitin
A polysaccharide made from the monomer (N-acetylglucosamine) (NAG), makes arthropod exoskeletons and fungi cell walls, uses hydrogen bonding between strands like cellulose to gain structural integrity
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Fermentable
Sugars that are broken down by bacteria in our intestine producing gas and other by-products
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Polyols
Sugar alcohols that humans can only partially digest, Low calorie sweeteners
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Low calorie sweetener chemicals
Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, isomalt
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Celiac disease
a disease where people can't handle gluten at all
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Are lipids true polymers
No they are not, they are small molecules less than 1000 atoms
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Fats
Long Hydrocarbons with a carboxyl functional group at their end
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Energy in Fats
Two times the energy of carbohydrate (per gram)
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Fat Functions
Give insulation and cushioning for organs
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Are Fats similar to gasoline
Yes very similar, but fats have a carboxyl group
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Triglyceride
One glycerol Molecule, attached to three fatty acids via ester linkage
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How long are fatty acids
Usually 16 or 18 carbons long
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What is a glycerol
A sugar made from 3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl groups
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Van der waals forces
Temporary dipoles formed by delocalized electrons, not evenly distributed, form weak temporary bonds between fatty acids
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Saturated Fats
A fatty acid with no double bonds, animal fats
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Adipose tissue
known as body fat, tissue that stores fats
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Unsaturated fats
A fat with at least one cis double bond
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Phospholipid
One Saturated fatty acid, One unsaturated fatty acid with a cis double bond, attached to a glycerol, and a phosphate group and then a special protein
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Choline
A common special protein on a phospholipid
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Amphiphilic
Single molecules that have both a hydrophobic bit and a hydrophilic bit
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Amphi
Means two
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Phospholipid bilayer
A formation of phospholipids in water, head goes outside and tails go inside, used in membranes
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Types of Lipids
Steroids, cholesterol, estradiol, testostorone
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Proteins
Polymers of amino acids
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Amino acids
A group with an Amino functional group a middle carbon with an r group and then a carboxyl functional group
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Alpha carbon
The carbon in the middle of an amino acid, asymmetric format
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How many common amino acids
20 amino acids
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Hypotonic
Lower osmosis pressure than another fluid
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Hypertonic
Higher osmosis pressure than another fluid
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Non Polar Amino Acids
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Proline
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Polar Amino Acids
Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine
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Ribosome
Amino acids are linked together by ribosome to form proteins
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Protein ends
Start at N-Terminus (Amino functional group) ends at C-terminus (Carboxyl functional group)
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Peptides
two or more amino acids joined together
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Primary Structure
the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide from N-C
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Secondary Structure
Shape of a protein based on polypeptide back bone H-bonding
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Alpha Helix
A secondary structure, spiral, every 4th amino acids hydrogen bonds
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Beta Sheet
Two or more parts of polypeptide lay side by side, hydrogen bonding between each strand
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Tertiary Structure
Overall 3-dimension shape of a polypeptide determined by the R Group chemistry
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Cysteine
A tertiary structure based of the joining of Sulfhydryl functional groups covalent bonding stabilizing the overall structure
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Quaternary Structure
Stable association of two or more polypeptides through R groups
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Collagen
A Quaternary Structure made from three alpha helix peptides intertwined together
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Hemoglobin
A quaternary structure made from Alpha and beta sheets
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Riboon Mpdel
A model of protein as secondary structures
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Space filling
Shows electron orbital shells of each atom in a protein (hard to see chemistry)
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Wireframe
Shows all covalent bonds in the backbone and R groups of proteins (good to see chemistry)
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Type of Bond is peptide bond
Covalent
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Function of a Protein
Enzyme, storage, defense, transportation, acting as a receptor, contracting and acting as a motor, adding to the structure
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Isomers
Molecules with the same formula but different structures
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Sickle cell
A change in the primary structure of a hemoglobin, switching val and glu in the 6th spot, messes up blood
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Crystallography
Using x-rays and math to determine the shape of a protein
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DNA
polymer of nucleotides that stores genetic information
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Gene
A stretch of DNA that encodes for an RNA
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mRNA
polymer of nucleotides that carries the code from the nucleus to the cytosol
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Ribosome
protein and rRNA structure that translates mRNA code into amino acid sequences (proteins)
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Nucleosides
A pentose and a nitrogenous base
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Nucleotides
A nucleoside with one to three phosphate groups attached
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4 nitrogenous bases in RNA
Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine, Adenine
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4 nitrogenous bases in DNA
Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine,Adenine
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What is ATP
an RNA that acts as the main energy currency in a cell
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Cyclic AMP
A messenger molecule, (RNA)
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GTP
An RNA that regulates how proteins work
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DNA backbone
Goes from 3rd carbon end with a hydroxyl group, to 5th carbon end with a phosphate group
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Base Bonding
A-T or U and C-G
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DNA Strand direction
Run anti-parrallel, 5-3 and 3-5
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PCR
Polymerase chain reaction, melting DNA and adding a primer to it to replicate thousands of DNA
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Karl Mulius
Creator of PCR process
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PCR uses
Cloning Genes, Identifying DNA
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Agarose gel electrophoresis
Separates pieces of DNA depending on how long they are
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RNA backbones
Has less twist than a DNA
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Resolution
Separate two closely spaced things
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Cell fractionation
Isolating a part of a cell for ease in an experiment
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Centrifuge
A tool that spins a supernatant continuously to leave only with the smallest solid residue of a cell (ribosome)
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Lower limit of cell size
Need space to fit DNA and Macromolecules
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Upper limit of cell size
Must exchange material through membranes too stay alive, if too big not enough materials to go around
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Prokaryotic cells
1 to 5 micro meters, enclosed by plasma membrane, cytol everywhere in the cell, simple cytoskeleton, no internal membrane
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Eukaryotic cells
10 to 100 micrometers, enclosed by plasma membrane, Cytosol bound in membrane outside of nucleus, complex cytoskeleton
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Pro
Means before
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Karyote
Means nucleus
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Eu
means true
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Cytoplasm
The material or protoplasm withing a living cell except the nucleus
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Cytosol
The material in a cell not an organelle or nucleus
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Endomembrane theory
Eukaryotes came from a heterotrophic anaerobic prokaryotic cell
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Evidence of EM theory
Nucleus double membrane in EU touches ER meaning plasma membrane turned inside out and surrounded DNA
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Nuclear Envelope
The double membrane that surrounds a nucleus
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Nuclear pores
Made of proteins, regulates what goes in or out
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Nuclear lamina
A cytoskeleton mesh of proteins on inside of inner membrane that helps keep a nucleus's shape
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Chromatin
A mixture of protein (histone) and DNA in the nucleus
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Euchromatin
Unwound and accessible DNA genes
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Heterochromatin
Tightly wound inaccessible DNA
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Transcription factors
Proteins that allow transcription of a gene
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Nucleolus
A group of genes that encode rRNA, and transcribe them to make proteins, exists in the nucleus
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Ribosome subunits
rRNA assembled by proteins brought into the nucleus through pores
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Ribosome placement
In the cytosol or on the Rough ER
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Nucleoid
A specific place in a pro cell where DNA is anchored
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Pro DNA
A singular circular chromosome condesed into strands with no histones
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Plasmid
circular DNA carried by a prokaryote holding helpful genes
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Replication origin
The initial plasmid in Gene cloning
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Genecloning
Making a bacteria reproduce a plasmid gene
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Mitochondria
Extracts energy from c-c and c-h, carbs and fats and turns them to APT
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Chlorplast
plant mitochondria, converts photon energy into ATP and NADPH, uses energy t make carbohydrate c-c bond
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