biological molecules

Question 1

what happens in a condensation reaction

Answer 1

water molecules are formed when 2 OH molecules bond together leaving a bond combing the 2 molecules and a oxygen based bond

Question 2

how does a hydrogen bond form

Answer 2

the polarity of the hydrogen and the oxygen create a strong attraction between the molecules

Question 3

properties of monosaccharides

Answer 3

soluble in water
sweet tasting
form crystals

Question 4

how are monosaccharides grouped

Answer 4

3 carbon molecules are triose sugars
5 carbon are known as pentose sugars
6 carbon are known as hexose sugars

Question 5

what bond does the condensation reaction of glucose make

Answer 5

glycosidic bond

Question 6

what is the difference in shape of an alpha glucose and a beta glucose molecule

Answer 6

the hydrogen and the hydroxide on carbon 1 is flipped

Question 7

what reaction takes place to break the bonds that occur after a condensation reaction

Answer 7

hydrolysis

Question 8

what are the 4 types of carbohydrates

Answer 8

starch-amylose
-amylopectin
glycogen
cellulose

Question 9

features of amylose

Answer 9

strait chain
coiled
high energy
found in plants
insoluble in water
made of alpha glucose

Question 10

features of amylopectin

Answer 10

branched chain
high energy
found in plants
insoluble in water
made of alpha glucose

Question 11

features of glycogen

Answer 11

branched chain
made of alpha glucose
found in animals
insoluble in water

Question 12

features of cellulose

Answer 12

-straight chain
-made of beta glucose
-found in plant cell walls
-insoluble in water
-every other beta glucose is flipped to create a hydrogen bond with the chain of cellulose beneath
they are flexible to allow the cell to change shape dependant on the amount of water in the cell

Question 13

what does alpha glucose combined with alpha glucose make

Answer 13

maltose

Question 14

what does alpha glucose combined with fructose make

Answer 14

sucrose

Question 15

what does alpha glucose and beta glucose make

Answer 15

lactose

Question 16

what does 2 beta glucose make

Answer 16

celloboise

Question 17

what structure does ribose have

Answer 17

a pentose sugar

Question 18

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 18

there is no oxygen on carbon 2

Question 19

what is a bacteria cell wall made of

Answer 19

long polysaccharide chains linked up to amino acids

Question 20

what is the name of the polymer that makes up the bacteria cell wall

Answer 20

peptidoglycan

Question 21

features of lipids

Answer 21

non polar
insoluble in water
soluble in alcohols
3 types-triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
macromolecules

Question 22

what is the main base of a triglyceride

Answer 22

glycerol

Question 23

features of fatty acids

Answer 23

made up of a hydrocarbon tail and a carboxyl group at the end
hydrocarbon tail can be between 2-20 carbon atoms long

Question 24

what bond is created during the condensation reaction between 2 lipids

Answer 24

ester bond

Question 25

what are the features of triglycerides

Answer 25

good energy source good energy store good insulator buoyant good for protection

Question 26

difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid

Answer 26

one of the fatty acids are replaced with a phosphorus group

Question 27

what shape do phospholipids form

Answer 27

the tails point in and the heads point away to create a bilayer

Question 28

what are the heads made of and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 28

the phosphorus group hydrophilic

Question 29

what are the tails made of and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 29

the fatty acids hydrophobic

Question 30

what can pass through

Answer 30

small non polar particles

Question 31

is cholesterol hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 31

hydrophobic

Question 32

what hormones are made with cholesterol

Answer 32

testosterone oestrogen vitamin D

Question 33

where is cholesterol made

Answer 33

liver

Question 34

what is a good role of cholesterol

Answer 34

they can interact with the phospholipid bilayer to increase membrane packing and helps to regulate membrane fluidity

Question 35

what is cholesterol made of

Answer 35

steroid alcohol and consists of 4 carbon based rings known as isoprene units

Question 36

what are dipeptides made of

Answer 36

2 amino acids bonded together with a peptide bond

Question 37

what bond is found in proteins

Answer 37

peptide bond

Question 38

what does amphoteric mean

Answer 38

it can be an acid or an alkali

Question 39

what is a buffer solution

Answer 39

a solution that returns back to neutral pH

Question 40

how many different amino acids are there

Answer 40

20

Question 41

what are the 2 different secondary structures

Answer 41

alpha helix beta pleated sheet

Question 42

features of alpha helix

Answer 42

hydrogen bonds between NH group and one amino acid this occurs every 4 amino acids

Question 43

features of a beta pleated sheet

Answer 43

hydrogen bonding with an amino acid further down the chain

Question 44

what other hydrogen bonds form

Answer 44

there can be hydrogen bonds that can form between the 2 R groups or between the central hydrogen and the oxygen in the functional group

Question 45

what is the disulphide bridge

Answer 45

this occurs between 2 cysteine molecules, strong covalent bonds occur between these molecules

Question 46

what parts of the protein cluster in the centre of protein structure

Answer 46

the hydrophobic part

Question 47

what does the effect of the cluster of protein have on its overall shape

Answer 47

it creates a twisting shape

Question 48

what is the quaternary shape

Answer 48

when more than 1 polypeptide chain are joined together and other non protein groups can also be associated with this

Question 49

what are the properties of water

Answer 49

liquid solid is less dense than my liquid form good solvent cohesion between molecules creating a high surface tension high specific heat capacity high latent heat

Question 50

advantages of high density of water

Answer 50

things can float on it aquatic animals stay underwater during a freezing winter ice layers insulate bodies of water stopping them becoming too cold for life

Question 51

advantage of water being a good solvent

Answer 51

molecules and ions can be transported easily

Question 52

advantage of water being very cohesive

Answer 52

can create a surface bond and can resist forces applied

Question 53

advantage of water having a high specific heat capacity

Answer 53

so it doesn't experience rapid temperature changes

Question 54

advantage of high latent heat of vaporisation

Answer 54

needs lots of energy to evaporate water