Biological Molecules

Question 1

Monomer

Answer 1

one of many small molecules that combine to form a polymer

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

large molecule made from many similar repeating units

Question 3

Macromolecule

Answer 3

large molecule formed due to polymerisation of monomers

Question 4

Examples of monomers

Answer 4

• monosaccharides
• amino acids
• nucleotides

Question 5

Examples of polymers

Answer 5

• polysaccharides
• proteins
• nucleic acids

Question 6

Condensation reaction

Answer 6

a chemical reaction where two molecules join together by the removal of a water molecule

Question 7

Hydrolysis

Answer 7

a chemical reaction where a chemical bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule

Question 8

Types of monosaccharides

Answer 8

• Pentose ( 5C )
• Hexose ( 6C )

Question 9

Glycosidic bond

Answer 9

a C-O-C link between two molecules formed by a condensation reaction

Question 10

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 10

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is double-stranded with bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. RNA contains the sugar ribose, is single-stranded, and has uracil instead of thymine.

Question 11

What is ATP and its role in the cell?

Answer 11

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells. It releases energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed.

Question 12

Function of monosaccharides

Answer 12

Energy source and building blocks for other carbohydrates.

Question 13

Function of disaccharides

Answer 13

Energy source

Question 14

Function of polysaccharides

Answer 14

• Energy storage (starch, glycogen)
• structural support (cellulose).

Question 15

Function of lipids

Answer 15

• Energy storage
• insulation
• protection.

Question 16

Structure of phospholipid

Answer 16

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.

Question 17

Function of phospholipid bilayer

Answer 17

Major component of cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer).

Question 18

Saturated fats

Answer 18

No double bonds, solid at room temperature.

Question 19

Unsaturated fats

Answer 19

One or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature.

Question 20

Function of amino acids

Answer 20

Building blocks of proteins.

Question 21

Structure of amino acids

Answer 21

Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group (side chain).

Question 22

Levels of Protein Structure

Answer 22

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary
• quatenary

Question 23

Primary structure

Answer 23

each amino acid is linked to the next though peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain

Question 24

Tertiary structure

Answer 24

the polypeptide chain coils furthermore to form a globular shape held together by

Question 24

Secondary structure

Answer 24

1 polypeptide chain coils into a 3D shape which is held in shape by hydrogen bonds -> α-helix -> β-pleated sheets

Question 25

Quaternary structure

Question 26

Adhesion

Answer 26

Water molecules stick to other surfaces.

Question 26

Properties of Water

Answer 26

- Cohesion - Adhesion - High Specific Heat - High Heat of Vaporization - Solvent Properties

Question 27

Cohesion

Answer 27

Water molecules stick together.

Question 28

High Specific Heat

Answer 28

Stabilises temperature.

Question 29

High Heat of Vaporisation

Answer 29

Cooling mechanism.

Question 30

Solvent Properties

Answer 30

Dissolves many substances, important for biochemical reactions.

Question 31

Role of Water in Living Organisms

Answer 31

- Transport - Temperature Regulation - Metabolic Reactions

Question 32

Transport

Answer 32

medium for transporting substances

Question 33

Temperature regulation

Answer 33

helps maintain stable body temperature

Question 34

Metabolic reactions

Answer 34

Participates in hydrolysis and condensation reactions.