Biological molecules

Question 1

`the biochemical basis of life is…

Answer 1

similar for all living things

Question 2

monomers are

Answer 2

the smaller units of which larger things are made

Question 3

polymers are

Answer 3

molecules from which many monomers are joined together

Question 4

3 examples of monomers

Answer 4

amino acids, monosaccharides and nucleotides

Question 5

What does a condensation reaction do?

Answer 5

join two molecules together

Question 6

What is formed in a condensation reaction?

Answer 6

a chemical bond

Question 7

What is eliminated in a condensation reaction

Answer 7

a molecule of water

Question 8

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 8

the breaking of a chemical bond between two molecules

Question 9

3 common monosaccharides

Answer 9

glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 10

What is used during a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 10

water

Question 11

What does a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides form?

Answer 11

a glycosidic bond

Question 12

3 examples of disaccharides

Answer 12

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 13

maltose formation

Answer 13

two glucose molecules

Question 14

sucrose formation

Answer 14

a glucose molecule and fructose molecule

Question 15

lactose

Answer 15

a glucose molecule and galactose molecule

Question 16

Is starch soluble

Answer 16

No starch is insoluble

Question 17

Is starch large

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

Is starch compact

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

Starch structure and its purpose

Answer 19

Branched form so multiple enzymes can act upon it at once to release glucose quickly

Question 20

What is starch made up of?

Answer 20

Amylose and amylopectin

Question 21

Cellulose is made of…

Answer 21

Beta glucose

Question 22

Cellulose has a ______ structure

Answer 22

Straight chain

Question 23

Cellulose forms ____ glycosidic bonds

Answer 23

1-4

Question 24

Cellulose is un…

Answer 24

Branched

Question 25

Cellulose has micro/macro…

Answer 25

Fibrils

Question 26

Glycogen is made of…

Answer 26

Alpha glucose

Question 27

Glycogen has a _____ structure

Answer 27

Branched

Question 28

Glycogen forms ___ and ___ glycosidic bonds

Answer 28

1-4, 1-6

Question 29

Glycogen is..

Answer 29

Coiled

Question 30

What is the use of starch being insoluble

Answer 30

The water potential is not affected

Question 31

What is the use of starch being coiled

Answer 31

The molecule is compact

Question 32

What is the use of starch being a polymer of alpha glucose

Answer 32

Glucose can be used in respiration

Question 33

What are the two types of lipids?

Answer 33

Triglycerides and phospholipids

Question 34

What does a condensation between a glycerol and fatty acid molecule form?

Answer 34

An ester bond

Question 35

What are fatty acids with a single double bonds present called?

Answer 35

Mono-unsaturated

Question 36

What are fatty acids with multiple double bonds called?

Answer 36

Poly-unsaturated

Question 37

More double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain…

Answer 37

The more the hydrocarbon bends

Question 38

How does the smaller proportion of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen relate to triglyceride function?

Answer 38

More carbon to hydrogen bonds, so lipids are a good source of energy

Question 39

How does the low mass: energy ratio of triglycerides relate to their function?

Answer 39

They are good for storage as it can be stored in small volumes

Question 40

How does the large and non polarness of triglycerides relate to their function?

Answer 40

They are insoluble so won’t affect the water potential of the cells

Question 41

How does the high ratio of hydrogen: oxygen relate to function of triglycerides?

Answer 41

They release a lot of water molecules when oxidised

Question 42

What is an example of a non reducing sugar?

Answer 42

Sucrose

Question 43

What are the extra steps to the non reducing sugars test?

Answer 43

Add hydrochloric acid and heat in a water bath Allow to cool Add sodium hydrogen carbonate and wait for fizzing to stop Do reducing sugars test

Question 44

Why do you heat sucrose with hydrochloric acid during non reducing sugars test?

Answer 44

To hydrolyse the sucrose and break the glycosidic bonds between glucose and fructose

Question 45

Why is sodium hydrogen carbonate added to the non reducing sugars test?

Answer 45

To neutralise the hydrochloric acid

Question 46

What is a property of water that makes it helpful for reactions?

Answer 46

It is a metabolite in condensation/ hydrolysis reactions

Question 47

Why is water having a high specific heat capacity important for organisms?

Answer 47

It buffers changes in temperature of the body

Question 48

Why is water being a solvent useful?

Answer 48

Metabolic reactions can occur

Question 49

Why is water having a large latent heat of vapourisation useful for organisms?

Answer 49

There is a cooling effect through evaporation

Question 50

Why is water having cohesion important for organisms? 1

Answer 50

Supports columns of water (transpiration)

Question 51

Why is water having cohesion important for organisms? 2

Answer 51

Produces surface tension

Question 52

Describe competitive inhibition

Answer 52

-the inhibitor has a similar shape to the substrate so enters the active site -the substrate can no longer bind to the active site more frequently -so fewer ESC's form -decreasing the rate of reaction -this can be overcome by adding more substrate

Question 53

Describe non competitive inhibition

Answer 53

The inhibitor binds to the enzyme (not the active site) This changes the shape of the active site Which prevents the substrate binding as it is no longer complimentary This cannot be overcome by adding more substrate

Question 54

Explain why an enzyme only catalyses one reaction

Answer 54

The tertiary structure means the enzyme’s active site is only complimentary to a specific substrate

Question 55

Example question: explain why Maltase only breaks down maltose and why this happens at room temperature

Answer 55

The tertiary structure of Maltase means its active site is complimentary to only the substrate of maltose The active site of Maltase changes slightly to accommodate the substrate The enzyme lowers the activation energy by forming ESC’s

Question 56

What is a nucleotide formed from?

Answer 56

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

Question 57

What does a condensation reaction between two nucleotides form?

Answer 57

A phosphodiester bond

Question 58

Where does the phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides form?

Answer 58

Between the phosphate group and a pentose sugar