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Biological Molecules Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are most organisms made out of?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

A compound containing carbon is called what?

A

An organic compound

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3
Q

What are the type of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleuic acids

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4
Q

The structure of macromolecules tells us what?

A

About their functions

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5
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar/identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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6
Q

What are monomers?

A

The repeating units of the building blocks of a polymer

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7
Q

What is a enzyme?

A

A specialized macromolecule (usually Proteins) that speed up chemical reactions

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8
Q

What is a dehyration reaction?

A

Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the lost of a water molecule, connected monomers

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9
Q

How are polymers disassembled to monomers?

A

By hydrolysis/water breakage, is broken by the addition of water

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10
Q

What process reverse dehydration reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

What are carbohydrate made out of?

A

Both sugars and polymers of sugars

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12
Q

What is the simplest carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides/simple sugars

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13
Q

What are monosaccharides used for?

A

to build more complex carbohydrate

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14
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Double sugars, consists of two monosaccharides by a covalent bond

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15
Q

How are carbohydrates consider macromolecules?

A

polysaccharides - polymers composed of many sugars building blocks joined together by dehydration reactions; are macromolecules

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16
Q

What is Glucose?

A

A common monosaccharide, a sugar

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17
Q

What is monosaccharide’s function for the cell?

A

Nutrient

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18
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

A covalent bond formed btwn two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

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19
Q

What do disaccharide consist of?

A

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

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20
Q

What are ploysaccharides?

A

Ploymers with a few 100 or 1000 monosaccharide joined by glycosidic linkages

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21
Q

What are the ploysaccharides’ function in the cell?

A

some are for storage and some are building materials, the function is dependent on its sugar monomers and the positions of its gylcosidic linkages

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22
Q

Are starch/gylcogen storage polysaccharides?

A

Yes, plants use starch to store glucose and animals use glycogen and releases glucose when the cell needs sugar ; represents stored energy

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23
Q

Is Cellulose a structural polysaccharides?

A

Yes, it builds the cell walls for plants

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24
Q

What are lipids?

A

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

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25
Are lipids macromolecules
No
26
What are the types of lipids?
Fats, phospholipids, and steroid
27
What are fats?
large molecules assembled from smaller molecules (glycerol; alcohol and fatty acid; oils) by dehydration reactions
28
What's a Triacylglycerol?
Consists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule (triglyeride)
29
What's a saturated fatty acid?
A structure that's saturated with hydrogen; makes saturated fats; in animals
30
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acid just with one or more double bond with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon; fish and plants
31
What's a cis double bond?
double bond in naturally occurring fatty acid, creates a kink in the hydrocarbon chain
32
What's the fats' major function?
Energy storage
33
What is Phospholipids?
Make up the cell membrane
34
What's a phospholipid bilayer?
A double-layered structure that forms when combined with water and shielding its hydrophobic tails with its hydrophilic head facing outward; is at the surface of the cell
35
What are steroids?
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings; e.g. cholestrol
36
What are some of the things proteins do?
Speeds up chemical reactions, defend, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, structural support
37
Are most enzymes proteins?
Yes
38
What do enzymatic proteins do?
regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts; chemical agents that selectively speed up the chemical reaction w/out being consumed in the reaction e.g. digestive enzymes
39
How many amino acids are there?
20, they all make protein
40
Whats a peptide bond
The bond btwn amino acids; positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they join by dehydration reaction
41
What's a ploypeptide?
A ploymer of amino acids
42
What's protein?
A biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coilded in specific 3D structure
43
What's the function of defensive proteins?
Protection against disease
44
What's the function of storage proteins?
Storage of amino acids
45
What's the function of transport protein?
Transport of substances
46
What's the function of hormonal proteins?
Coordination of an organism's activities
47
What's the function of receptor proteins?
Response of cell to chemical stimuli
48
What's the function of contractile and motor proteins?
Movement
49
What's the function of structural proteins?
Support
50
What are the types of amino acids
Non polar side chain; hydrophobic Polar side chain; hydrophilic Electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic Acidic; negatively charged Basic; Positively charged
51
What does the primary structure of a protein consist of?
Its sequence of amino acids; is inherited genetic info and it dictates secondary and tertiary structure
52
What's the secondary structure of a protein?
The coils and foils segments of proteins polypeptides chains; results of hydrogens bonds btwn the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbones
53
What's tertiary structure?
The overall shape of a polypeptide from the interactions of. the various amino acids
54
Hydrophobic interactions
When polypeptides folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic, nonpolar side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the proteins to not touch water
55
What is Quaternary Structure?
When a protein consist of two or more polypeptide chains
56
What's denaturation?
When protein unravels and loses it natural states, happens when the PH, salt concentration, or temp. changes
57
What technique is most commonly used to determine the 3D shape of a protein?
X-ray crystallography; the diffraction of an x-ray beams by the atoms of a crystallized molecules
58
What do genes consist of?
DNA; which come from nucleic acids
59
What are nucleic acid
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
60
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
61
What does DNA do?
Provides directions for its own replication/all the cell's activites, directs RNA synthesis which controls protein synthesis; this is called gene expression
62
What does mRNA (messenger RNA) do?
It's used to convey the DNA to protein; Central Dogma
63
What's a polynucleotides?
Nucleic acids that exist as polymers; its monomers are nucleotides
64
What are nucleotides made up of?
A nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and 1 to 3 phosphate groups
65
What are the types of nitrogenous bases?
Pyrimindines - a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms; Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil and Purines - a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring; Adenine and Guanine
66
What bases are found BOTH in DNA and RNA?
(A), (C), and (G) are both found in DNA and RNA, (T) is in DNA and (U) is in RNA
67
What's the structure of DNA ?
DNA is double stranded (or a double helix who's two polypeptides run anti-parallel) and the sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside and the bases are inside; held together by hydrogen bonds
68
What are the complementary base pairs?
(A) pairs to (T) (its (U) in RNA) and (G) and (C)
69
What's the structure of RNA?
Single stranded
70
What's the Central Dogma?
DNA -->Transcription-->RNA-->Translation-->Protein
71
What four chemical groups that are necessary for life
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and amino
72
What's a hydroxyl group?
consisted of one oxygen atom bonded to one hydrogen atom
73
What's a carboxyl group?
consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH)
74
What's a carbonyl group?
a functional group in organic chemistry consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom
75
What is an amino group
a functional group in chemistry consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Biology (4 decks)

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