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Biology Alevel > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Why is water liquid at room temp

A

It’s a polar solvent with molecules having a hydrogen bond requiring energy to break

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2
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Where molecule is split into two with the up take of water

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3
Q

Define condensation reaction

A

Two molecules join to form a larger molecule and release water

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4
Q

Why is water a stable living environment

A

Acts as a buffer due to its high specific heat capacity

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5
Q

How does water in the xylem work

A

Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonds this results in water molecules travelling up in a column

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6
Q

What is a metabolite

A

Reactant involved in metabolic processes such as hydrolysis and condensation reactions

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7
Q

Define monomer

A

Smaller unit of which larger molecules are made

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8
Q

Define polymer

A

Molecules made up of repeating monomer sub units

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9
Q

What is the general formula for sugars

A

(CH2O)n

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10
Q

Why can’t lipids dissolve in water ?
What can they dissolve in?

A

They’re none-polar and water is polar
They dissolve in none polar substances such as Alcohols

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11
Q

How much energy is release from 1g of fatty acids and 1g of carbohydrates

A

Fatty acids-34.4KJ/g-1
Carbohydrates-15.8KJ/g-1

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12
Q

What are the functions of lipids

A

•Waterproofing
•Insulation
•protection
•forming plasma membranes

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13
Q

What does glycerol contain?
What do fatty acids contain?

A

Glycerol- three hydroxyl groups
Fatty acids- carboxyl group(COOH) one per chain

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14
Q

What do the C=C bonds cause?

A

A kink in the fatty acid chain resulting in molecules being pushed apart and lower melting point

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15
Q

Describe cellulose

A

•Made from alternating beta glucose monomers
•straight chains layered parallel to one another
•Formed via condensation reaction

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16
Q

Why does Benedict’s reagent react with reducing sugars ?

A

Benedict’s solution is made from copper(III) Sulfate.The reducing sugar reacts with the copper and forms copper oxide with is red and insoluble

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17
Q

What is the dimer sucrose made from

A

Glucose—fructose

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18
Q

What is the dimer maltose made from?

A

Glucose—glucose

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19
Q

What is the dimer lactose made from?

A

Glucose—galactose

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20
Q

What is the Difference between starch and glycogen ?

A

•Animals use glycogen plants use starch
•Glycogen has quicker energy release due to more branches

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21
Q

What is the similarities between starch and glycogen ?

Study These Flashcards
A

•Both are polysaccharides and have 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
•both are alpha glucose molecules
•both can be hydrolysed and formed by condensation reactions

22
Q

What is amylose ?

Study These Flashcards
A

it is a component of starch made from alpha glucose with a 1-4 glycosidic bond it is a long chain, which compresses to form a coil it is soluble in water

23
Q

What is amylopectin?

Study These Flashcards
A

It is a component of starch made from alpha glucose in 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds this creates branches

24
Q

What is cellulose made from?

Study These Flashcards
A

Chain of alternating beta glucose (every other molecule flips) molecules

25
What is an emulsifier ?
A chemical molecule that stops oil and water from separating
26
Define amino acids
Basic monomer of a protein which combine to make a polypeptide
27
Define primary structure of proteins
The order in which amino acids are joined together
28
Define secondary structure of proteins
Folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain, due to hydrogen bonding of the carboxyl and amino group
29
Define tertiary structure of proteins
The precise 3d shape of the polypeptide chain (protein) with the shape relating to the function and determined by the “R” group
30
What are the bonding types within tertiary structure ?
Hydrogen, Disulphide, ionic and hydrophobic
31
Define fibrous proteins
Insoluble structural proteins with a fibre like shape
32
Define globular proteins
Soluble Spherical that play roles in biochemical reactions
33
Define active immunity
Stimulating production of antibodies from an individuals own immune system
34
Define quaternary structure
Arrangement if multiple poly peptides
35
Define competitive inhibitor
•Competes with substrate for the active site •Similar shape to substrate •Blocks active site so no enzyme-substrate complex’s form
36
Define none competitive inhibitor
•Different shape to substrate binds to separate site • changes shape of active site no enzyme substrate complex’s formed
37
What bond is the phosphate Pentose bond and the pentose base bond?
Pentose-phosphate = phosphodiester bond Pentose-base = glycosidic bond
38
How do mono nucleotides join together?
Phosphate group reacts with deoxyribose of another forming a phosphdiester bond
39
Describe tRNA
transfer RNA made from 80 nucleotides, single strand folded into a clover shape specific to amino acids
40
What are the three theory’s of DNA replication
Dispersive, conservative and semi-conservative
41
What is needed for semi conservative DNA replication
Nucleotides DNA template DNA helicase DNA polymerase DNA ligase energy source
42
What is helicase polymerase
•DNA helicase breaks H bonds between bases splitting double strand •DNA polymerase creates phosphodiester adding complementary nucleotides to template and proofreads
43
How is ATP hydrolysed ?
ATP hydrolayse removes the terminal phosphate forming adenosine diphosphate
44
How is ATP synthesised ?
ATP Synthase will synthesise ADP and Pi occouring in respiration as energy is required
45
How is DNA stored in eukaryotic cells
•Linear DNA found in the nucleus •associated with and curls around histones (protein) •forms chromatin
46
How is DNA stored in prokaryotes ( bacteria mitochondria and chloroplast)
•It is shorter and circular •Not associated with histones •no nucleus
47
What are introns and extrons ?
Introns- genes that don’t code for amino acids they are removed during protein synthesis Extrons- genes that do code for amino acids
48
What are alleles ?
Different forms of the same gene this is due to the order of bases in each allele being slightly different
49
What are substitution and insertion/deletion mutations ?
Substitution - one nucleotide replaces another Insertion/deletion - one or more nucleotides inserted or deleted
50
Describe missense, nonsense and silent mutation’s
Missense - AA changed order stays same Nonsense - PP chain finishes at point of mutation Silent - same AA coded in mutation

Biology Alevel (8 decks)

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