Biological Molecules

Question 1

What are the classes of biomolecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

Question 2

What are carbohydrates responsible for?

Answer 2

Main energy source for biological function

polyhydroxylated (multiple hydroxyl groups)

Question 3

What do proteins do?

Answer 3

Many essential functions, DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzymatic reactions, and membrane transport

Question 4

What is the function of lipids?

Answer 4

hydrophobic structures responsible for membrane structure and energy storage

Question 5

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 5

storage and transfer of genetic information

Question 6

How do carbohydrates provide energy?

Answer 6

They are highly oxygenated and provide energy through metabolism to ATP (glycolysis)

Question 7

How can sugars/carbs be identified?

Answer 7

with the suffix -ose

Question 8

How can a sugar be expressed in multiple units?

Answer 8

monosaccharide (1)
Disaccharide (2)
Polysaccharide (multiple)

Question 9

At what point do you start using polysaccharide?

Answer 9

Up prefixes up to 10 then used poly

Question 10

What is the difference between simple sugars and complex sugars?

Answer 10

simple sugars: straight chain and are easily broken down

complex sugars: sugars with branch chains not as easily broken down

Question 11

How to tell if sugar is D -sugar or L-sugar?

Answer 11

Look at last hydroxyl group
(-OH)
Right side= D sugar
Left side= L sugar

Question 12

Which sugar isomers are the natural sugars?

Answer 12

D sugars

Question 13

What is the simplest sugar?

Answer 13

Glyceraldehyde

Question 14

What is the difference between Fischer projections and Haworth projections?

Answer 14

Fischer projections are the open form of the sugar

Haworth projections are the closed form of the sugar (in a ring)

Question 15

What so the sugars look like when they are diastereomers of eachother?

Answer 15

at least one OH group has changed the but not all of them

Question 16

When is a sugar an Epimer of another sugar?

Answer 16

Only one OH has changed

Question 17

When are sugars enantiomers?

Answer 17

All OH groups have switched sides

Question 18

How do L-isomers look when in a structural Haworth projection?

Answer 18

Left side points up

Right side point down

Question 19

What functional group is made when the last OH group circles to form a ring structure with the carbonyl group at the top?

Answer 19

Hemiacetal functional group

Question 20

What are small biomolecules?

Answer 20

Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Nucleotides

Question 21

What makes up an amino acid?

Answer 21

Amine functional group

Carboxylic acid functional group

Side chain

Question 22

What bond links amino acids together

Answer 22

a type of amide bond called a peptide bond

Question 23

What causes the turns in the amino acid structure?

Answer 23

Proline

Question 24

What is the primary protein structure?

Answer 24

Amino acid sequence

Question 25

What is the secondary protein structure?

Answer 25

Fixed polypeptide backbone Alpha helix and beta sheets

Question 26

What stabilizes alpha helixes?

Answer 26

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding

Question 27

What stabilizes beta sheets?

Answer 27

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding

Question 28

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 28

Unique 3D shape held together by ionic bonding between charged side chains or amino acids

Question 29

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 29

Arrangement of multiple subunits into a larger structure

Question 30

What bonds are present in tertiary and quaternary protein structures?

Answer 30

Ionic bonding Hydrogen bonding Dispersion forces

Question 31

What are the groups of lipids?

Answer 31

Fatty acids Glycerides Non glycerides Complex

Question 32

What are the 2 types of fatty acids?

Answer 32

Saturated (no double bonds) Unsaturated (double bonds)

Question 33

What are eicosanoids and some examples?

Answer 33

Structurally related to hormone like biomolecules synthesized from arachadonic acid No transport required PG, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

Question 34

What is the structure of a glyceride lipid?

Answer 34

3 member glycerol backbone with fatty acid attached

Question 35

What is the role of glycerides?

Answer 35

Energy storage (more energy per gram than sugars) lipid bilayer

Question 36

Neutral vs ionic glycerides:

Answer 36

Neutral: triglycerides Ionic: phosphoglyceride (negative charge on oxygen)

Question 37

What are the different non-glycerides?

Answer 37

Spingolipids Steroids Waxes

Question 38

What are sphingolipids?

Answer 38

In CNS tissue development, cell recognition, adhesions, toxin receptors

Question 39

What are steroids?

Answer 39

Group of non-glyceride lipid called isoprenoids Responsible for signaling

Question 40

What are waxes?

Answer 40

Non-glyceride Esters of fatty acids Naturally found as protective coatings for plants/animals

Question 41

Examples of complex lipids:

Answer 41

Lipoproteins- VLDL, LDL, HDL Glycoproteins-membrane stability, intercellular interactions, site for pathogens to enter

Question 42

What makes up a nucleic acid?

Answer 42

Heteroaromatic base Ribose Phosphate group

Question 43

What is the end of a peptide called?

Answer 43

C-terminus: the ending carboxylic acid

Question 44

What is the beginning of a peptide chain called?

Answer 44

N-terminus: amine functional group (usually NH2)

Question 45

When do amino acids have positive charge?

Answer 45

The pH is less than the isoelectric point

Question 46

What is it called when amino acid pH has a net charge of 0?

Answer 46

Zwitterionic form

Question 47

When do amino acids have a negative charge?

Answer 47

When the pH is greater than the isoelectric point

Question 48

What is the natural form of amino acids ?

Answer 48

L-amino acids

Question 49

How can you tell if an amino acid is D or L?

Answer 49

NH2 group is: Right side or on the dash= D amino acid Left side or on a wedge= L amino acid