Biological Molecules Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
A monomer is a single subunit; a polymer is a chain of monomers bonded together.
What type of reaction joins monomers to form polymers?
Dehydration synthesis (removes water).
What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?
Hydrolysis (adds water).
What is the empirical formula for glucose?
C₆H₁₂O₆ (1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O).
Name three types of carbohydrates and give an example of each.
• Monosaccharide: glucose
• Disaccharide: sucrose
• Polysaccharide: starch
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy source, short-term storage, structural support (cell walls).
What are the building blocks of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids.
Name three types of lipids and their functions.
• Triglycerides: energy storage, insulation
• Phospholipids: cell membrane structure
• Steroids: hormones (e.g., estrogen, testosterone)
What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?
Peptide bonds.
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
What causes a protein to denature?
High heat or extreme pH — this alters its shape and function.
What are the components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base.
What are the base-pairing rules in DNA?
A pairs with T, G pairs with C.
How is RNA different from DNA?
RNA is single-stranded, uses ribose, and has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
What is the role of ATP in the cell?
Acts as the energy currency; stores and releases energy.
