Biological Molecules

Question 1

What is a monomer

Answer 1

A single molecules joined together

Question 2

What are biological molecules

Answer 2

Are a particular group of molecules found in living organisms, made of atoms which are bonded together

Question 3

What is a polymer

Answer 3

A chain of monomers joined together

Question 4

What do biological molecules contain

Answer 4

Carbon, and known as ORGANIC MOLECULES

Question 5

What are the biological molecules in your diet

Answer 5

Carbon, protein and lipids

Question 6

What are the non-biological molecules in your diet

Answer 6

Vitamins & minerals, water , fibre

Question 7

What are the examples of monomers

Answer 7

MONOSACCHARIDES

AMINO ACIDS

NUCLEOTIDES

Question 8

Monosaccharides is glucose and the nucleotides bases are:

Answer 8

A,T,C,G

Question 9

What is a CONDENSATION REACTION

Answer 9

This is a reaction were 2 molecules join together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of H20

Question 10

What is a disaccharide

Answer 10

When 2 separate monosaccharides form together and the removal of water to form a GLYCOSIDIC BOND

Question 11

What are monosaccharides:

G
G
F

Answer 11

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Question 12

What is a HYDROLYSIS REACTION

Answer 12

When 1 disaccharide molecule, has the addition of water to break the bond formation to form 2 individual monosaccharides

Question 13

What does glucose and glucose form

Answer 13

MALTOSE

Question 14

What does glucose and GALACTOSE form

Answer 14

LACTOSE

Question 15

What does glucose and FRUCTOSE form

Answer 15

SUCROSE

Question 16

What are the 2 glucose molecules

Answer 16

Alpha- glucose and beta-glucose

Question 17

What changes on the beta-glucose molecule

Answer 17

The right hand side changes, so the OH & H flip and become the opposite way, so the OH is on top and H at bottom

Question 18

What is a polysaccharide

Answer 18

Formed by a condensation reaction of many glucose units

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 19

What are the properties of starch

Answer 19

1:4 bonding and a bit of 1:6 bonding

Found in many parts of plants in forms of small groups

Made up f chains of A-GLUCOSE monosaccharides linked by GLUCOSIDIC BONDS and formed by a CONDENSATION REACTION

Alpha helix shape

Hydrogen bonds

Main role : energy storage and component of food

Branched, insoluble, large and doesn’t diffuse cells

Question 20

What is the role of cellulose

Answer 20

1:4 bonding

Made up of beta-glucose

Straight I branched chains

Hydrogen bonds (the amount of weak hydrogen bonds make it strong)

A group of cellulose is called a MICROFIBRILS

used in plants cell walls, maintaining stems and leaves

Question 21

What is the role is glycogen

Answer 21

1:4 bonding and more 1:6 bonding

Found in animals and bacteria

Has shorter chains than starch, more highly branched

Stored in small granules mainly in muscles and liver

Insoluble, doesn’t diffuse cells and very compact

Question 22

Method of detecting starch and colour change caused

Answer 22

Add iodine

colour change is =

+= BLUE-BLACK

-= ORANGE

Question 23

Method of detecting a REDUCING SUGAR and colour change

Answer 23

Add BENEDICT’S REAGENT (CuSO4) and heat at 80 degrees for about 3 minutes

Colour change =

+= any colour, green, yellow, ed, orange, brown

-= stays blue

Question 24

Detecting an NON-REDUCING SUGAR and colour change

Answer 24

Add dilute hydrochloride acid to hydrolyse and break bond

Add alkaline to neutralise

pH paper test

Add BENEDICT’S reagent and heat at 80 degrees for 3 minutes

Colour change=

+=any colour, green, yellow, red, orange and brown

-= stays blue

Question 25

What do LIPIDS consist of

Answer 25

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and all made of GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS

Question 26

What are the two groups of a lipid

Answer 26

Triglyceride and phospholipid

Question 27

What does saturated mean

Answer 27

Has NO DOUBLE BONDS and all carbons have as many hydrogen bonds as possible (Bad for you and is more dense fats/solids)

Question 28

What is UNSATURATED

Answer 28

Has DOUBLE BONDS and doesn't have as many hydrogen bonds as Carbon ( good for you) Kinky ends= pushes fatty acids apart = less dense and compacts (oil)

Question 29

What is a phospholipid

Answer 29

1 fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate (negative charge) and is used in cell membrane

Question 30

What is the method to detect a lipid and colour change

Answer 30

Add ETHANOL shake thoroughly and pure into cold water Colour change= += cloudy white precipitate -= stays clear

Question 31

What elements are in a protein

Answer 31

Oxygen, Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 32

What monomers are proteins made of

Answer 32

AMINO ACIDS

Question 33

What is a DIPEPTIDE

Answer 33

A reaction between 2 amino acids and forms a peptide bond through a condensation reaction

Question 34

What is a polypeptide

Answer 34

A chain formed by many amino acids

Question 35

A functional proteins may contains one or more polypeptide

Answer 35

A functional proteins may contains one or more polypeptide

Question 36

What are the 3 bonds in a protein

Answer 36

HYDROGEN = numerous but easily broken IONIC = strong bond but broken by changes in pH DISULFIDE= fairly strong and therefore not easily broken

Question 37

Proteins have a variety of functions within living organisms, what are the 4 different stages

Answer 37

1) PRIMARY = sequence of amino acids 2) SECONDARY = alpha helix and beta pleat 3) TERTIARY = globular 3D (includes the 3 bonds) 4) QUATERNARY = one or more polypeptide

Question 38

What is the method to detect a protein

Answer 38

Add BIURET REAGENT colour change= += purple precipitate -= blue precipitate

Question 39

Properties pf FIBROUS

Answer 39

STRUCTURAL functions Long, parallel chains Collagen found in tendons Quaternary proteins (rope) Contains lots of amino acids

Question 40

Properties of GLOBULAR

Answer 40

Carries out METABOLIC functions Enzymes and haemoglobin Tertiary or quaternary structure