Biological molecules Flashcards
(33 cards)
What is produced in a condensation reaction?
A polymer and water
What is produced in hydrolysis?
Two monomers
What is metabolism?
All of the chemical processes that take place in living organisms.
What is the basic monomer of a carbohydrate called?
A monosaccharide (sugar).
What is the general formula of a monosaccharide?
(CH2O)n
Name three monosaccharides.
- Glucose,
- Fructose,
- Galactose.
Name three disaccharides and what they are formed from.
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose,
- Glucose + Galactose = Lactose,
- Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose.
What is the bond which forms in a condensation reaction called?
Glycosidic bond.
Name three polysaccharides.
- Starch,
- Cellulose,
- Glycogen.
What is starch made from?
a-glucose.
Name 5 ways in which starch is adapted to its function.
- Insoluble (doesn’t affect the water potential),
- Large (doesn’t diffuse out of cells),
- Compact (can be stored in small spaces),
- Hydrolysed to a-glucose which is easily transported,
- Branched form has many ends to be acted upon by enzymes.
How is Glycogen different to starch?
- Only found in animals,
- Shorted chains,
- More highly branched.
What is cellulose made up of?
B-glucose
Name three ways the structure of cellulose is suited to its function.
- B-glucose so forms long straight unbranched chains,
- Hydrogen bonds provide collective strength,
- Molecules are grouped to form micro-fibrils which are grouped to form fibres adding more strength.
What are the two main groups of lipids?
Triglycerides and phospholipids
Name five roles of lipids.
- Contribute to the flexibility of cell membranes,
- Source of energy,
- Insulation,
- Waterproofing,
- Protection.
What is the bond formed between a fatty acid an glycerol?
Ester bond
What is a fatty acid?
A hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group attached.
Name 4 advantages of the structure of triglycerides.
- High proportion of hydrogen-carbon bonds which contain a lot of energy,
- Low mass : energy ratio,
- Insoluble,
- Release water when oxidised.
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
The phosphate group (head)
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
The hydrocarbon chain (tail)
What is the basic monomer unit of a polypeptide?
Amino Acid
Name the four parts of an amino acid.
- Carbon atom,
- Hydrogen,
- Variable ‘R’ group,
- Amino (-NH2) group,
- Carboxyl (-COOH) group.
What is the bond between two proteins called?
Peptide Bond
