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Flashcards in Biological Molecules Deck (19)
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1
Q

Name the components of Carbohydrates and the two types

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Simple sugars, complex carbohydrates

2
Q

What is a simple sugar?

A

Soluble in water, sweet, simple units of sugar or 2 molecules a joined (disaccharides), supply energy for respiration (glucose + oxygen = CO2 + H2O

3
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate?

A

Made of thousands of glucose molecules, storage molecules (starch in plants, glycogen in animals), insoluable, compact to store large amounts, less reactive, cellulose is another cc

4
Q

What is protein composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

5
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

20 different amino acids, joined together in different combinations

6
Q

What is the function of the protein?

A

Structural molecules, controlling chemical reactions, messenger molecules, combating disease, transport

7
Q

What are lipids composed of and what are the types?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and are made of glycerol, fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids = FATS, solid at room temperature
Unsaturated acids = OILS, liquid at room temperature

8
Q

What is the test for glucose?

A

Benedicts test
5cm cubed of benedicts solution
Heat using a water bath at 60 degrees
Will changed from blue to brick red

9
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine
2-5 drops of iodine solution
Brown - blue/black

10
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Biuret reagent
2-5 drops biuret reagent
Pale blue - purple

11
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Emulsion
2cm cubed of ethanol
Add solution to boiling tube of water
White emulsion will form

12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that control chemical reactions.

Nucleus contain genes which control the production of enzymes, which catalyse the reactions in the cytoplasm

13
Q

Describe enzyme controlled reactions

A

Maltose —(maltase)— glucose
The substance the enzyme acts on in the substrate(maltose), the substance produced by the reaction is the product(glucose), and the enzymes (maltase), which usually are the same as the substrate but with -are

14
Q

What is a catabollic and anabolic reaction?

A

Catabollic is breaking down large molecules to smaller products e.g digestion
Anabolic is building large molecules from smaller substrates e.g DNA

15
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Lock and key theory
Substrate binds to active site but the active site of a particular enzyme has a specific shape which complimentary to the shape of the substrate. Once the reaction has occurred the products do not fit as well so released, after the reaction the enzyme molecule is free to catalyse the next.
Binding to the active site enable the reaction to occur w lower activation energy

16
Q

How does temperature effect enzymes?

A

As temp increases there is more kinetic energy (collision theory), a rise in 10 degrees means twice as fast but at high temps it is irreversibly changed because the thermal energy alters the bonds holding the protein in the specific shape and has been denatured
The optimum temp is 37 degrees

17
Q

What is the effect of ph?

A

The shape is dependant on ph, and each has its own ph and chemical bonds that hold the correct shape at that ph. A change will disrupt the chemical bonds and change the shape so it is no longer complimentary to the active site

18
Q

Effect of SA?

A

Reactions happen faster is the substrate has a larger SA because there are more substrate accessible to the enzyme

19
Q

Effect of conc?

A

Occur faster is the conc is increased as there are more enzyme and substrate molecules