Biological Molecules

Question 1

Test for lipids

Answer 1

Emulsion
Add ethanol and shake to dissolve
Add water
Lipid will be milky

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

Smaller units from which larger molecules are made

Question 3

Polymers

Answer 3

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

Question 4

Lactose made up of

Answer 4

a-glucose and B-galactose

Question 5

Sucrose made up of

Answer 5

a-glucose and a-fructose

Question 6

Maltose made up of

Answer 6

a-glucose

Question 7

Condensation of monosaccharides forms

Answer 7

Glycosidic bond

Question 8

Molecular formula

Answer 8

Tells us the components of atoms and the number of each type of molecule

Question 9

Structural formula

Answer 9

Shows how the atoms are arranged in a molecule

Question 10

Colorimeter

Answer 10

Device used to quantify the colour by measuring transmission of absorbance

Question 11

Glycogen

Answer 11

Energy in animals

• a-glucose
• branched-hydrolysis rate increased as more points of attachment so increased metabolic rate
• 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

Question 12

Cellulose

Answer 12

Structure in animals and plants

• B-glucose
• straight chains run parallel bonded by h bonds -microfibrils strong
• 1,4 bond

Question 13

Starch

Answer 13

Energy for plants

• a-glucose
• 1,6 and 1,4 bonds
• branched-so more compact and higher rate of hydrolysis
• can fit in a small area
• insoluble so doesn’t effect water potential
• large molecule so can’t pass cell membrane

Question 14

Test for starch

Answer 14

Iodine

Orange to blue/black

Question 15

Triglycerides made up of

Answer 15

Glycerol and three fatty acids

-condensation forms an ester bond (RCOOH)

Question 16

R groups of fatty acids classified as

Answer 16

Saturated=no double bonds
MonoUnsaturated=one double bond
Polyunsaturated=multiple double bonds

Question 17

Saturated fat characteristics

Answer 17

• single bonds
• chains are straight
• pack closely together
• solid at room temp

Question 18

Unsaturated fat characteristics

Answer 18

• double bonds
• chains are kinky
• molecules aren’t able to pack together
• attractions are weak
• liquid at room temp

Question 19

Diff between triglycerides and phospholipids

Answer 19

One fatty acid substituted for a phosphate containing group

Question 20

Condensation of amino acids

Answer 20

Peptide bond

Forming dipeptides or polypeptides

Question 21

Primary protein structure

Answer 21

Sequence of amino acids

Question 22

Secondary protein structure

Answer 22

Alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets

Formed by h bonds between amino acids

Question 23

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 23

3D folding

• hydrophobic R groups fold to the inner core
• polar groups H-bond with eachother

Question 24

Quaternary protein structure

Answer 24

Several poly peptide chains come together

Question 25

Test for proteins

Answer 25

Buiret | Blue to lilac

Question 26

Conditions that break h-bonds to cause denaturation

Answer 26

High temp and pH change

Question 27

Conditions that break london forces to cause denaturation

Answer 27

High temp

Question 28

Conditions that break ionic bonds to cause denaturation

Answer 28

Change in pH and v high temp

Question 29

Conditions that break disulphides bridges to cause denaturation

Answer 29

Reducing agents

Question 30

Conjugated protein

Answer 30

Contains a prosthetic group

Question 31

Hydrogen bonds form between

Answer 31

Amino acids

Question 32

Ionic bonds form between

Answer 32

Oppositely charged acidic and basic R-groups

Question 33

Disulfide bridges form between

Answer 33

S-containing R-groups

Question 34

Induced fit model

Answer 34

Collision between substrate and active site changes shape of enzyme Puts strain on the enzyme structure-stored energy Recoil of the enzyme puts strain on substrate forming and break bonds Products released as don’t fit in the active site any more

Question 35

Enzyme conc

Answer 35

More active sites available More collisions More ESC formed Conc of substrate can become limiting factor

Question 36

Substrate conc

Answer 36

Increases frequency of successful collisions Until all active sites are occupied Further increase in sub conc have no effect All enzymes working at max rate

Question 37

Competitive inhibition

Answer 37

Fits into active site so substrate can’t bind | Some bind permanently effectively denatures the enzyme

Question 38

Non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 38

Bind to the enzyme changing the shape of the active site ESC can’t form Some molecules can act as activators changing the shape of the active site to its active form

Question 39

Temperature

Answer 39

Increased kinetic energy More collisions Past optimum H bonds break changing tertiary structure shape-denaturation

Question 40

pH

Answer 40

H+ ions bind to -ve charged R-groups Altering H bonds and ionic bonds in 2+3 structure Change active site Active site could carry charge High h+ conc neutralises the AS charged preventing ESC being formed

Question 41

Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 41

``` DNA= Deoxyribose sugar Long chain Two chains Thymine RNA= Ribose sugar Short chain Single chain Uracil ```

Question 42

Condensation of nucleotides

Answer 42

Forms phosphodiester bonds | Forming a polynucleotide chain

Question 43

Who discovered DNA and DNA replication

Answer 43

Watson and Crick | By centrifuge samples with varying nitrogen

Question 44

ATP stands for

Answer 44

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 45

Hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 45

ATP hydrolase Releases energy by breaking a high energy bond One phosphate group broken off

Question 46

Catabolic reactions

Answer 46

Makes smaller molecules

Question 47

Anabolic

Answer 47

Makes larger molecules

Question 48

Properties of water

Answer 48

``` Metabolite Universal solvent High Specific heat capacity Large latent heat of vaporisation Cohesion Molecular mobility Density Incompressible ```

Question 49

Hydrogen carbonate

Answer 49

Regulate blood pH | Transport CO2 in blood

Question 50

Hydroxide

Answer 50

Regulate blood pH

Question 51

Nitrate

Answer 51

Amino acids, proteins, nucleus acid Chlorophyll Hormones Nitrogen cycle

Question 52

Chloride

Answer 52

Production of urine Maintains water balance Transports CO2 in the blood HCl in the stomach

Question 53

Phosphate

Answer 53

Increased rigidity in bones etc Phospholipids, ATP Regulation of blood pH Root growth

Question 54

Potassium

Answer 54

``` Control of water levels Active transport Healthy leaves Nervous transmission Muscle contraction ```

Question 55

Ammonium

Answer 55

Amino acids Hormones Nucleus acids

Question 56

Sodium

Answer 56

Regulates osmotic Absorption of carbs in the small intestine Nervous transmission and muscles contract Turgidity in vacuole

Question 57

Calcium

Answer 57

Bones, teeth cartilage Blood clotting, muscle contractions Activation of enzymes Cell wall development

Question 58

Hydrogen

Answer 58

Photosynthesis, respiration Transport of O2 CO2 in blood Regulation of blood pH