Biological Molecules Flashcards

(40 cards)

1
Q

Monomers

A

The smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules made form a large number of monomers joined together by chemical bonds

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3
Q

Condensation reaction

A

The chemical that joins two molecules together with a chemical bond, resulting in the elimination of a water molecule

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4
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A reaction which breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of one water molecule

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5
Q

Metabolite

A

A chemical involved a metabolic reaction e.g.) water involved in hydrolysis and condensation

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made, simple sugars

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7
Q

Glucose

A

A hexose sugar- a 6 carbon Monosaccharide. There are two forms alpha and beta glucose. They are Isomers because they have the same molecular formula but are connected in different ways.

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Biological molecules containing C,H and O only

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9
Q

Disaccharide

A

A sugar formed when two monosaccharides join together during a condensation reaction, forming a glycosidic bond

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10
Q

Maltose

A

Alpha Glucose + Alpha Glucose

Disaccharide

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11
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

Disaccharide

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12
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

Disaccharide

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13
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Formed by the condensation of many glucose units

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14
Q

Glycogen

A
Storage for energy animal cells
Highly branched - compact
lots of ends - quick to hydrolyse
insoluble - no osmosis
Too big to leave the cell
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15
Q

Starch

A

Storage molecule for energy plant cells
Highly folded and branched - compact, slower to hydrolyse than glycogen
insoluble - no osmosis,
too big to leave a cell

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16
Q

Amylose

A

Makes up Starch
Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds between alpha Glucose

Coiled helix shape held by hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Amylopectin

A

Makes up Starch
Alpha 1,4 glycosidic and beta 1,6 glycosidic bonds between alpha Glucose

Highly branched structure

18
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta glucose monomers joined by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
No branches, very straight chains
Held together into microfibrils by hydrogen bonds

19
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural support for plant cells
Insoluble but permeable to water and solutes
Hydrogen bonds between chains provides strength

20
Q

Test for reducing sugar

A

Dissolved sample
Benedicts Solution
Heat in hot water bath
5 min

21
Q

Test for Non-reducing sugar

A
Dissolved sample
Hydrochloric acid, hot water bath 2min
Sodium chloride till stops fizzing
Benedicts Solution
Heat in hot water bath 5 min
22
Q

Benedicts test

A

Qualitative test
Blue - negative
Green - yellow - orange - red more sugar

23
Q

Iodine test

A

No starch - negative
Orange/brown

Starch - positive
Blue black precipitate

24
Q

Universal solvent

A

Water is able dissolve many substances

Creates a solution for metabolic reactions to take place

25
Adhesion
Hydrogen bonds between water and other surfaces | Helps water moves up xylem in plants by attracting water to the walls
26
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules supports columns of water in xylem vessels How water moves up xylem in plants during transpiration
27
Large heat capacity
Takes a lot of energy to change temperature | Creates a stable environment inside cells and in aquatic habitats
28
Large latent heat of vaporisation
Takes a lot of energy to turn from a liquid to a gas because energy is needed break the hydrogen bonds between molecules
29
Water is Less dense as a solid
When an aquatic environment freezes, ice floats on top preserving the aquatic habit underneath
30
ATP
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
31
ATP structure
Nucleotide derivative: Ribose sugar Adenine 3 phosphate groups
32
ATP hydrolase
Enzyme that hydrolyses ATP ATP -> ADP + Pi
33
ATP synthase
Enzyme that forms ATP by condensation reaction ADP + Pi -> ATP
34
ATP hydrolysis uses
Provides Energy to chemical reactions in cells Pi generated can phosphorylate other compounds making them more reactive
35
ATP synthesis
Happens during: Photosynthesis light energy used Respiration chemical energy stored in glucose used
36
Inorganic ions
A charged atom or molecule that doesn’t contain carbon
37
Iron
In Haemoglobin Large protein that holds 4 Fe2+ ions Each ion can bind to 2 O atoms Allows large concentration of oxygen can be carried in the blood
38
Hydrogen ions
Concentration affects the pH of solution Low conc = alkaline solution High conc = acidic solution Affects enzyme controlled reactions by changing the shape of the enzyme
39
Sodium ions
Used by co-transporters (protein pumps) to move glucose and amino acids across membranes by active transport
40
Phosphate ion
When attached to another molecule = phosphate group Allows Nucleotides to bind forming polynucleotides Bonds between phosphate groups in ATP store energy