Biological Order And Energy

Question 1

energy

Answer 1

the capacity to do work or cause change

Question 2

work

Answer 2

a force acting on an object over a distance

Question 3

chemical reaction

Answer 3

bond rearrangements

Question 4

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transferred

Question 5

entropy

Answer 5

a measure of chaos/disorder

Question 6

kinetic energy

Answer 6

energy of motion

Question 7

thermal energy

Answer 7

a subset of kinetic energy concerned with the energy of atoms/molecules in random motion

Question 8

potential energy

Answer 8

energy that is stored due to something such as position or composition

Question 9

chemical energy

Answer 9

energy stored within chemical bonds, released when bonds are broken

Question 10

gibbs free energy

Answer 10

energy that is able to do work, decreases as entropy increases

Question 11

endergonic

Answer 11

non-spontaneous, requires energy input

Question 12

exergonic

Answer 12

spontaneous, releases energy

Question 13

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 13

every transfer or transformation of energy increases the entropy of the universe

Question 14

spontaneous

Answer 14

proceeds without the need for invested energy

Question 15

catabolic

Answer 15

breaking complex molecules into smaller subunits, releases energy, -ive delta G (increases entropy of the universe)

Question 16

anabolic

Answer 16

building complex molecules, requires energy investment, +ive delta G (decreases entropy of the universe)

Question 17

redox reaction

Answer 17

chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another

Question 18

reduction

Answer 18

gain of electrons

Question 19

oxidation

Answer 19

loss of electrons

Question 20

electron shuttle molecule

Answer 20

cofactor for redox reactions

• transfer electrons from a redox reaction to an ETC
• ex NAD+, FAD, NADP+ (oxidized form)
• are at their highest energy state form reduced

Question 21

electron transport chain

Answer 21

a series of increasingly electronegative membrane proteins that pass along electrons, releasing usable energy in a stepwise manner

Question 22

energy coupling

Answer 22

energy released from exergonic reactions is used to power endergonic reactions

Question 23

metabolic pathway

Answer 23

all the chemical reactions involved in converting a starting material to a product, each step being catalyzed by a different enzyme

Question 24

metabolic

Answer 24

the sum of all chemical reactions that happen inside a cell

Question 25

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 25

kinase (enzyme) removes a phosphate from a high energy substrate and attaches it to ADP to regenerate ATP

Question 26

competitive inhibition

Answer 26

when an inhibitor competes with the substrate by binding to the active site of an enzyme; can be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate

Question 27

non-competitive inhibition

Answer 27

an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site (region on an enzyme other than the active site), causing the enzyme to change shape and become ineffective; cannot be overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate

Question 28

cofactor/coenzyme

Answer 28

metal ions (inorganic materials)/organic molecules (vitamins) that are required for catalytic activity of enzymes

Question 29

phototroph

Answer 29

obtain energy from light

Question 30

chemotroph

Answer 30

obtain energy from organic and inorganic chemicals

Question 31

autotroph

Answer 31

use inorganic carbon (CO2) to build macromolecules from scratch

Question 32

heterotroph

Answer 32

absorb organic molecules (sugars) from the environment and adapt them

Question 33

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 33

kinase (enzyme) removes a phosphate from a high energy substrate and attaches it to ADP to regenerate ATP

Question 34

chemiosmosis

Answer 34

movement of ions down an electrochemical gradient