biological organization

Question 1

what are the 6 features of living organisms?

Answer 1

1. possess chemical complexity and microscopic organization
2. ability to extract, transform, and use energy from the environment
3. defined functions for each bio component and regulation of interactions between components
4. ability to sense and respond to the environment
5. ability to self-replicate
6. as a species, ability to evolve and adapt to environment

Question 2

single cell organisms w/o nuclear membrane

Answer 2

bacteria and archaea

Question 3

cells with nuclear membrane

Answer 3

eukarya

Question 4

what are some major features of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 4

flagella for mobility
pili for adhesion
cell envelope
cytoplasm

Question 5

cell envelope

Answer 5

plasma membrane and layers surrounding plasma membrane; segregates chromatin from cytoplasm

Question 6

cytosol

Answer 6

aqueous solution containing biomolecules

Question 7

nucleoid

Answer 7

genetic material, no membrane

Question 8

cytoskeleton

Answer 8

made of protein, provides structure, & organization to cytoplasm, is dynamic

Question 9

most studied bacterium

Answer 9

E.coli

Question 10

what are some major features of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 10

outer membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

Question 11

ribosomes

Answer 11

protein-synthesizing machines

Question 12

peroxisome

Answer 12

oxidizes fatty acids

Question 13

lysosome

Answer 13

degrades intracellular debris

Question 14

transport vesicle

Answer 14

shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

Question 15

golgi complex

Answer 15

processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export

Question 16

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

Question 17

nucleus

Answer 17

contains the genes (chromatin)

Question 18

nucleolus

Answer 18

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

Question 19

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

site of much protein synthesis

Question 20

mitochondrion

Answer 20

oxidizes fuels to produce ATP

Question 21

chloroplast

Answer 21

harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates

Question 22

starch granule

Answer 22

temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis

Question 23

thylakoids

Answer 23

site of light-driven ATP synthesis

Question 24

cell wall

Answer 24

provides shape and rigidity; protects cell from osmotic swelling

Question 25

vacuole

Answer 25

degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites

Question 26

plasmodesma

Answer 26

provides path between two plant cells

Question 27

glyoxysome

Answer 27

contains enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle

Question 28

what are the three types of cytoskeleton?

Answer 28

actin filaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

Question 29

actin filaments

Answer 29

6 nm wide, made from G-actin

Question 30

microtubules

Answer 30

23 nm wide, made from tubulin

Question 31

intermediate filaments

Answer 31

10 nm wide, made from a-keratin

Question 32

gibbs free energy

Answer 32

amount of energy in a reaction at constant temp and pressure

Question 33

enthalpy

Answer 33

heat of a reaction reflecting the number and kind of chemical bonds in reactants and products

Question 34

entropy

Answer 34

quantitative expression of randomness or disorder in a system

Question 35

anabolism

Answer 35

set of metabolic pathways, requiring energy, that construct molecules from smaller units (ex. protein synthesis)

Question 36

catabolism

Answer 36

set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy (ex. ATP to ADP plus Pi)

Question 37

from DNA to enzymes

Answer 37

DNA -> messenger RNA -> unfolded hexokinase -> catalytically active hexokinase