Biological processes Exam 1 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Properties of Life
A
Order, Response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, Growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing
2
Q
Atom
A
A particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element
3
Q
Molecule
A
A group of atoms bonded together
4
Q
Macromolecules
A
A molecule containing a very large amount of atoms
5
Q
organelles
A
A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
6
Q
cell
A
The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
7
Q
prokaryotes
A
microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus wit a membrane nor other specialized organelles, bacteria
8
Q
Eukaryotes
A
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
9
Q
Organs
A
A collection of tissue that structurally forms a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function
10
Q
organ system
A
a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function
11
Q
organism
A
Any living biological entity, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium
12
Q
population
A
the total of individuals occupying an area
13
Q
Community
A
an interacting group of various species in a shared/common location
14
Q
Ecosystem
A
A community of living organisms in a particular area
15
Q
Biosphere
A
the region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms: plants, animals, and bacteria
16
Q
Taxonomic system in the order of most to least inclusive
A
Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, and strain
17
Q
Three domains of life
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
18
Q
The binomial name of our species
A
Homo sapiens
19
Q
Molecular biology
A
deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids)
20
Q
Microbiology
A
Deals with microorganisms
21
Q
neurobiology
A
deals with nervous system
22
Q
Paleontology
A
concerned with fossil animals and plants
23
Q
zoology
A
study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals
24
Q
biotechnology
A
technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products
25
Ecology
the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them
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physiology
studies the functioning of all living organisms, and the functions of their constituent tissues or cells
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scientific method
the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation
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hypothesis
reasonable explanation that can be tested
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scientific theory
thoroughly tested and accepted explanations for a set of observations and phenomena
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scientific laws
mathematical descriptions of predictable behavior of energy or matter
31
life sciences
biology, botany, zoology, biochemistry, micrcobiology
32
physical sciences
The study of the inorganic world
33
Inductive reasoning
many, similar observations support a broad conclusion, descriptive science ex. all organisms are composed of cells, risks of inductive reasoning*
34
deductive reasoning
General idea used to inform and test specific questions, Hypothesis based- tentative explanation (hypothesis is formed), an experiment designed around "if.., then.."
35
Observation
to notice whats going on through your senses
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prediction
what someone thinks will happen
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falsifiable
able to be proven false
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variable
any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types
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control
placebo and double-blind
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Applied science
used to apply existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications
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peer-reviewed articles
The peer review process subjects an authors scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the field
42
Matter
anything that takes up space or can be weighed
43
Elements
A substance that cannot be broken down into another substance
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How many elements have been defined
116
45
How many elements occur naturally and how many are man-made
92 occur naturally, 24 manmade
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Atoms
A particle of matter that uniquely defiens a chemical element
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Protons
An atomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of an everyday atom and carries a positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron
48
Neutron
an uncharged atomic particle that has the mass nearly equal of the proton
49
Electron
A negativley charged subatomic particle that can be eother bound to an atom or free
50
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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Mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
52
Periodic table of elements
Organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows and columns according to increasing atomic number
53
Isotopes
A class of antibodies thats determined by it's heavy chain constant region
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radioisotopes
A radioactive isotope
55
Explain the basics of carbon dating
The Determination of the age or date of organic matter from the relative proportions of the carbon isotopes carbon -12 and 14
56
Octet rule
The tendency of atoms to prefer to have 8 electrons in the valence shell
57
Ions
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons
58
Cations
A positively charged ion
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anion
A negatively charged Ion
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electron transfer
A reaction in which a single electron is transferred from one molecule to another
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ionic bond
A form of chemical connection in which one atom loses valence electrons and gains them from another
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polar covalent
A covalent bond in which the electron density is unevenly shared between the two bonded atoms, due to a difference in electronegativity or due to inductive effects
63
nonpolar covalent
A type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms
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hydrogen bonds
An attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds
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Van der Waals interaction
A distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecule
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Hydrophilic
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
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hydrophobic
tending to repel or fail to mix with water
68
Temperature
A degree or intensity of heat present in a subject or an object
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Evaporation
A process of turning liquid into vapor
70
Solvent
Able to dissolve other substances
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Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a substance
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Cohesion
The sticking together of particles of the same substance
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Surface tension
The tension of the surface of liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of it's molecules
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Adhesion
The attraction of molecues of one kind to molecules of a different kind
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Acidic
Containing a high percentage of silica
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Alkaline
Describes a chemical that produces hydroxide ions, basic opposite of acidic
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Neutral
Having neither acid or basic properties
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Acids
Any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton
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Bases
A substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions
80
Buffers
Organic substances tat maintain a constant pH over a given range by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions
81
Briefly explain the buffering system used in the human body that involves carbon dioxide
Carbon Acid-Bicarbonate Offer system, Maintaining Ph homeostasis of blood
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Four major classes of Biological molecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
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How many electrons are there in carbon outer shell
four
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What is the simplest organic carbon molecule?
Methane
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Four elements that carbon will bond to
oxygen, sulfur,nitrogen, chlorine
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What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
87
List three monosaccharides, and how they differ from each other
Glucose-aldoses
Galactose-aldoses
fructose-ketone
they have different structres
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monosaccharides
Any class of sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar
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Disaccharides
SUagr formed when two monos. are joined by glycosidic linkage
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List three common disaccharides and give the names of the monosaccharides that make up each one
Sucrose- Glucose-frucose
lactose- galactose-glucose
Maltose-GLucose-glucose
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Polysaccharide
A CARBOHYDRATE, STARCH
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Starch
A carbohydrate that is the chief form of stored energy in plants
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Glycogen
A from of glucose, main source of energy that your body stores primarily in your liver and muscles
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Cellulose
A complex carbohydrate that is chief part of the cel walls of plants
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Chitin
A linear polysaccharide of the amino sugar
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What is the feature that is common to all lipids?
Nonpoar molecules
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Why do cells store lipids as fats?
To store energy in the form of fatty acids
98
An example of lipids
Butter, cheese, waxes, steriods
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What are the components of a fat molecule?
A glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails
100
Why are trans fats not ideal for the human diet?
It raises bad cholesterol and lowers good cholesterol
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What are essential fatty acids?
omega-6,omega-3, lionleic acids
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What are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids and why are they important
fish and other seafood, help build and maintain a healthy body
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phospholipids
A barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults
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What are proteins
large, complex, molecules that play many roles in the body
105
Enzymes
Proteins that help speed up metabolism or the chemical reactions in our bodies
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hormones
Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body
107
denaturation
to take away or alter the natural qualities of
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amino acids
the building blocks of proteins
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polypeptide
a continuos, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
110
Primary structure
The sequence of amino acids inked together to form polypeptide chain
111
secondary structure
the shape in which a long polypeptide chain can exist
112
quaternary structures
113
What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
114
Nucleotides
115
Explain the double-helical structure of DNA
116
Images of cells taken with a microscope are called
117
Two student lab microscopes
118
How many times can a light microscope magnify an image?
119
How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes?
120
Three principles of the unified cell theory
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A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus or other membrane organelles
122
Explain how a eukaryotic cell differs from a prokaryotic cell
123
Exocytosis
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Endocytosis
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phagocytosis
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pinocytosis
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
128
how do active transport mechanisms differ from passive transport?
129
EHat is an electrochemical gradient
130
What is primary active transport, list examples
131
What is secondary active transport, examples
132
facilitated transport
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osmosis
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Solute
135
Tonicity
136
Osmolarity
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hypertonic
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hypotonic
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Isotonic
140
what is the plasma membrane primarily made of
141
Proteins make up the second major component of plasma membranes, briefly list their functions
142
Carbohydrates are the third major component of the plasma membrane, describe and contribute to the overall structure of the plasma membrane
143
What is selective permeability as it applies to the plasma membrane of cells
144
Define passive transport
145
IS diffusion passive or an active process, explain
